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Abstract: In this thesis two analyses are performed to understand the intrinsic ability of bulk metallic glasses ( BMGs ) to deform plastically, based on their elastic properties. In the first of these, a Blackman diagram is utilised, which plots the ratios of second order elastic constants C 12 / C 11 and C 44 / C 11 . Two physically meaningful conditions are represented on such a p lot : 1) proximity to the Born mechanical instability criterion , and 2) deviation from the zero Cauchy relationship ( C 12 = C 44 ), which indicates whether central or non - central forces govern material behaviour. Those alloys with greatest tendency for plastic s train are found closest to the Born condition, which is also found to correspond to BMGs with a large kinetic glass fragility index, m . Additionally, that plastic alloys exhibit the largest positive deviation from the Cauchy condition suggests that non - dir ectional bonding is a feature of deformable BMGs. In the second anaylsis, three isomechanical groups are found to exist when a representative group of 33 BMGs was studied, by plotting the Young’s ( E ) and shear ( G ) moduli versus k b T g / Ω (Botlzmann constant, glass transition temperature and atomic volume respectively). An analysis of covariance reveals that the variation in the gradient between each group on such plot s are statistically meaningful, indicating fundamental differences in both bonding and structure . These are rationalis ed as resulting from the extent of non - directional bonding and the ability for enhanced structure diversity in the potential energy landscapes (PELs) of fragile glass formers, in com parison to strong glass formers. This abili ty for structure variation in the liquid state can be translated to the solid state via the non - ergodicity parameter, α . This ability for an enhancement in the variety of local minima in the PEL of fragile glass formers is further studied by comparing the ability of high, low and intermediate m BMGs to retain a low modulus and low surface hardness during suction casting in copper dies, observed by performing nanoindentation traverses a cross the cross - section of as - cast rods. The most fragile alloy ( Pd 77.5 S i 16.5 Cu 6 ) is found to show the greatest propensity to retain a soft surface, while the effec t is most limited in the strong composition ( Ce 70 Al 10 Cu 10 Ni 10 ) . Finally, the extended x - ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) method is used to understand the sourc e of the mech a nical homogeneity observed across the as - cast rods, which is found to potentially not be controlled by nearest neighbour s. Instead, cluster rotation may control the variable mechanical properties (including plastic yield), and so length scale s beyond the first atomic shell appear to be critical.

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Abstract: Recently glasses based on gallate and aluminate networks have aroused interest in laser technology, for example, for the use as the host for .Iaser active ions. As these glasses are not good glass-formers other ingredients such as silica are normally added to improve their glass abilities. In this work I have succeeded in producing these glasses without the need for these additions. The structures of these pure rare-earth gallate and aluminate glasses made by aerodynamic levita- tion and laser heating techniques have been studied including neutron and X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy. The following results have been obtained. The structures of rare-earth gallate glasses, R2Ga6012 and R3Ga5012 where R = Pr and Nd, were studied using neutron diffrac- tion with the isomorphic substitution technique. A good agreement between the structural models from MD simulation and MD-RMC for the difference functions and the full experimental data sets was achieved. The mean Ga-O coordination number was found to be 4.1(1). The results also show a mixture of 6, 7 and 8-fold coordinated sites for the rare-earth ions with an average coordination number of 7.7(1). A more detailed study using a combination of neutron diffraction, Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS), MD simulation and MD-RMC refinement was applied to obtain the detail of the local structure of Pr3Ga5012 glasses at Pr and Ga K-edges. The nucleation and phase separation in the (Y203)x(Al203)1-x glassy systems produced by an aerodynamic levitation and laser heating was studied using micro-focus EXAFS. Turbidity was found to occur in the x < 0.25 and x > 0.35 glasses. At x < 0.25, even though no large inclusions (> 1?m) were seen in the turbid glasses, a phase separation into a polycrystalline sample of YAP (x = 0.50) and pure alumina was found. It is concluded that the turbidity in glassy samples at x ? 0.25 is due to the formation of nano meter size crystallites. For x = 0.36 and 0.375 (known as YAG), a nucleation of YAG crystals as spherical inclusions was found in a glass matrix giving rise to the turbidity in these glasses. Finally, a study of the structures of BaTiAl206 glasses was made in order to understand the processes giving rise to their unusual properties. Black and opaque, and clear and transparent BaTiAb06 glasses produced by aerodynamic levitation and laser heating by fast and slow quench rates were studied. Neutron and X-ray diffraction, MD simulation, MD-RMC refinement and X-ray absorption spectroscopy have been used and combined to determine the structure of the glass especially with regard to the coordination structure around the Ti ions. Evidence is found to show that the Ti ions occur in four fold and higher fold oxygen coordinated sites while the Al ions remain to- tally four fold coordinated. Very small differences in the structure of the two glasses are observed confirming that the opacity arises largely due to a small number of optical defects in present in the same overall glass structure.

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Abstract: The poorly controlled disposal of chromium ore processing residue (COPR) is a globally widespread problem due to its potential to form chromium contaminated hyperalkaline (pH > 12) leachates. These highly oxidising leachates typically contain chromium in the Cr(VI) oxidation state as its chromate anion (CrO42-). This anion is highly mobile, toxic, carcinogenic, and exhibits a high degree of bioavailability. Under reducing conditions chromium exists in the non-toxic and poorly soluble Cr(III) oxidation state. Thus, the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) is often the goal of remediative strategies. In anaerobic subsurface environments where reducing conditions are established by the indigenous microbial population, chromium reduction can occur naturally. The microbial transformation of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) can be both a result of its direct use in microbial metabolism, or through its indirect reaction with microbially produced reduced species, e.g. Fe(II). This study has used a multidisciplinary approach to investigate the biogeochemical influences on the fate and stability of Cr(VI) leaching from a site of COPR in the north of England. Reducing sediments encountered directly beneath the COPR waste were found contain elevated concentrations of chromium. These sediments were shown to be able to remove aqueous Cr(VI) from solution when incubated with contaminated site groundwater in microcosm incubation experiments. This removal is likely a result of the abiotic reduction by soil associated microbially produced Fe(II), followed by precipitation as insoluble Cr(III) hydroxides. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and electron microscopy confirms the association of chromium as Cr(III) with iron in these soils, hosted as a mixed Cr(III)-Fe(III) oxyhydroxide phase. Upon air oxidation, only minor amounts of chromium was remobilised from these sediments as Cr(VI). A diverse population of alkaliphilic microorganisms are indigenous to this horizon, capable of successful metabolism despite elevated pH values. This population was found to contain a consortium of microorganisms capable of iron reduction when incubated at pH 9 to 9.5. Microbial community analysis found taxonomic similarity to several known metal reducing alkaliphiles from the phylum Firmicutes. These results suggest that the novel action of iron reducing alkaliphiles indigenous to reducing sediments beneath COPR sites may provide zones of natural chromium attenuation via microbially mediated mechanisms of Cr(VI) transformation.

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Abstract: There is a well-established literature indicating a relationship between iron in brain tissue and Alzheimer's disease (AD). More recently, it has become clear that AD is associated with neuroinflammatory and oxidative changes which probably result from microglial activation. In this study, we investigated the correlative changes in microglial activation, oxidative stress, and iron dysregulation in a mouse model of AD which exhibits early-stage amyloid deposition. Microfocus X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis of intact brain tissue sections prepared from A?PP/PS1 transgenic mice revealed the presence of magnetite, a mixed-valence iron oxide, and local elevations in iron levels in tissue associated with amyloid-?-containing plaques. The evidence indicates that the expression of markers of microglial activation, CD11b and CD68, and astrocytic activation, GFAP, were increased, and were histochemically determined to be adjacent to amyloid-?-containing plaques. These findings support the contention that, in addition to glial activation and oxidative stress, iron dysregulation is an early event in AD pathology.