I09-Surface and Interface Structural Analysis
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Hemian
Yi
,
Yunzhe
Liu
,
Chengye
Dong
,
Yiheng
Yang
,
Zi-Jie
Yan
,
Zihao
Wang
,
Lingjie
Zhou
,
Dingsong
Wu
,
Houke
Chen
,
Stephen
Paolini
,
Bing
Xia
,
Bomin
Zhang
,
Xiaoda
Liu
,
Hongtao
Rong
,
Annie G.
Wang
,
Saswata
Mandal
,
Kaijie
Yang
,
Benjamin N.
Katz
,
Lunhui
Hu
,
Jieyi
Liu
,
Tien-Lin
Lee
,
Vincent H.
Crespi
,
Yuanxi
Wang
,
Yulin
Chen
,
Joshua A.
Robinson
,
Chao-Xing
Liu
,
Cui-Zu
Chang
Diamond Proposal Number(s):
[37930]
Abstract: In low-dimensional superconductors, the interplay between quantum confinement and interfacial hybridization effects can reshape Cooper-pair wavefunctions and give rise to unconventional superconducting states. Here we use plasma-free confinement epitaxy assisted by a carbon buffer layer to synthesize a gallium trilayer sandwiched between graphene and a 6H-SiC(0001) substrate. Within this confined gallium layer, we demonstrate interfacial Ising-type superconductivity driven by atomic orbital hybridization. Electrical transport measurements reveal that the in-plane upper critical magnetic field reaches ~21.98 T at T = 400 mK, approximately 3.38 times the Pauli paramagnetic limit. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements, combined with theoretical calculations, confirm the presence of split Fermi surfaces with Ising-type spin textures at the K and K′ valleys of the confined gallium layer, originating from strong hybridization with the SiC substrate. This work establishes a strategy for realizing unconventional pairing wavefunctions through the synergistic combination of quantum confinement and interfacial hybridization effects.
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Apr 2026
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I09-Surface and Interface Structural Analysis
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Lixin
Liu
,
Han
Yan
,
Leyi
Loh
,
Kamal Kumar
Paul
,
Soumya
Sarkar
,
Deepnarayan
Biswas
,
Tien-Lin
Lee
,
Takashi
Taniguchi
,
Kenji
Watanabe
,
Manish
Chhowalla
,
Yan
Wang
Diamond Proposal Number(s):
[38012, 39914]
Open Access
Abstract: Excellent gate electrostatics in field effect transistors (FETs) based on 2D transition metal dichalcogenide (2D TMD) channels can dramatically decrease static power dissipation. Energy-efficient FETs operate in enhancement mode with a small and positive threshold voltage (Vth) for n-type devices. However, most state-of-the-art FETs based on monolayer MoS2 channel operate in depletion mode with negative Vth due to doping from the underlying dielectric substrate. In this work, we identify key properties of the semiconductor/dielectric interface (MoS2 on industrially relevant high dielectric constant (k) HfO2, ZrO2 and hBN for reference) responsible for realizing enhancement-mode operation of 2D MoS2 channel FETs. We find that hBN and ZrO2 dielectric substrates provide low defect interfaces with MoS2 that enables effective modulation of the Vth using gate metals of different work functions (WFs). We use photoluminescence (PL) and synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements to investigate doping levels in monolayer MoS2 on different dielectrics with different WF gate metals. We complement the FET and spectroscopic measurements with capacitance-voltage analysis on dielectrics with varying thicknesses, which confirms that Vth modulation in ZrO2 devices is correlated with WF of the gate metals – in contrast with HfO2 devices that exhibit signatures of Vth pinning induced by oxide/interface defect states. Finally, we demonstrate FETs using a 2D MoS2 channel and a 6 nm of ZrO2 dielectric, achieving a subthreshold swing of 87 mV dec−1 and a threshold voltage of 0.1 V. Our results offer insights into the role of dielectric/semiconductor interface in 2D MoS2 based FETs for realizing enhancement mode FETs and highlight the potential of ZrO2 as a scalable high-k dielectric.
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Mar 2026
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I09-Surface and Interface Structural Analysis
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Muhammad
Ans
,
Eleni
Fiamegkou
,
Ashok S.
Menon
,
Gaurav C.
Pandey
,
Gaolo J.
Paez Fajardo
,
Harry
Gillions
,
Paolo
Melgari
,
Calum
Clenahan
,
Satish
Bolloju
,
Pardeep K.
Thakur
,
Tien-Lin
Lee
,
Serena A.
Cussen
,
Beth I. J.
Johnston
,
Louis F. J.
Piper
Diamond Proposal Number(s):
[38340]
Open Access
Abstract: Lithium nickel oxide (LNO) cathodes offer high capacity for high-energy-density applications but suffer rapid degradation above 4.2 V due to surface and bulk instabilities. Here, we apply an ultrathin aluminum oxide coating using powder atomic layer deposition to improve surface stability. Pouch cell testing shows that coated LNO delivers improved cycling behavior, retaining 91.2% capacity after 100 cycles at C/3. Operando X-ray diffraction reveals that after aging, coated LNO undergoes a less kinetically hindered delithiation, indicating that the surface coating further provides a surface-to-bulk stabilization effect. Postmortem surface sensitive spectroscopy confirms that the aluminum oxide layer (1) scavenges hydrofluoric acid and (2) suppresses surface reconstruction, reducing impedance growth and improving the surface integrity. Overall, the results demonstrate that ultrathin aluminum oxide coatings effectively mitigate interfacial degradation and enhance bulk electrochemical kinetics, providing an effective and scalable approach toward improving the long-term performance of ultra-Ni-rich cathodes.
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Mar 2026
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I09-Surface and Interface Structural Analysis
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O.
Tkach
,
S.
Fragkos
,
Deepnarayan
Biswas
,
J.
Liu
,
O.
Fedchenko
,
Y.
Lytvynenko
,
S.
Babenkov
,
D.
Zimmer
,
Q. L.
Nguyen
,
S.
Chernov
,
D.
Kutnyakhov
,
M.
Scholz
,
N.
Wind
,
A.
Gloskovskii
,
F.
Pressacco
,
J.
Dilling
,
L.
Bruckmeier
,
M.
Heber
,
L.
Wenthaus
,
G.
Brenner
,
D.
Puntel
,
P. E.
Majchrzak
,
D.
Liu
,
F.
Scholz
,
J. A.
Sobota
,
J. D.
Koralek
,
G.
Dakovski
,
A.
Mehta
,
N.
Sirica
,
M.
Hoesch
,
C.
Schlueter
,
L. V.
Odnodvorets
,
Y.
Mairesse
,
T.-L.
Lee
,
A.
Kunin
,
K.
Rossnagel
,
Z. X.
Shen
,
H. J.
Elmers
,
S.
Beaulieu
,
G.
Schönhense
Abstract: A new type of objective lens has recently been proposed for use in x-ray photoemission electron microscopes (XPEEMs) and momentum microscopes. Adding a ring electrode concentric with the extractor allows the field in the gap between the sample and the extractor to be shaped. Forming a lens field in this gap reduces the field strength at the sample by up to an order of magnitude. This mitigates the risk of field emission, particularly for cleaved samples with sharp edges. A retarding field can redirect all slow electrons, thus eliminating the primary contribution to the space-charge interaction. Here, we present the first experimental investigation of the new lens, examining its performance at photon energies ranging from the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) produced by a high-harmonic generation-based source to soft and hard x rays at two synchrotron facilities. The gap lens in a region without electrodes enables large working distances up to 23 mm. Reduced aberrations allow for larger fields of view in both k-space and real-space imaging, with resolutions comparable to those of conventional cathode lenses. However, field strengths are an order of magnitude smaller. The zero-field mode enables the study of 3D structured objects and is, therefore, beneficial for small cleaved samples as well as for operando devices involving top electrodes. The repeller mode reduces space-charge effects but results in a smaller k-field diameter. This reduction ranges from 10% at hard x-ray energies to 50% in the XUV range. The usable energy interval is also reduced by a factor of two. In time-of-flight XPEEM mode, the raw data show a resolution of 250 nm, which can be improved to better than 100 nm through data processing.
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Mar 2026
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I09-Surface and Interface Structural Analysis
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Trung-Phuc
Vo
,
Olena
Tkach
,
Aki
Pulkkinen
,
Didier
Sébilleau
,
Aimo
Winkelmann
,
Olena
Fedchenko
,
Yaryna
Lytvynenko
,
Dmitry
Vasilyev
,
Hans-Joachim
Elmers
,
Gerd
Schoenhense
,
Jan
Minar
Diamond Proposal Number(s):
[33765]
Open Access
Abstract: The intricate fine structure of Kikuchi diffraction plays a vital role in probing phase transformations and strain distributions in functional materials, particularly in electron microscopy. Beyond these applications, it also proves essential in photoemission spectroscopy (PES) at high photon energies, aiding in the disentanglement of complex angle-resolved PES data and enabling emitter-site-specific studies. However, the detection and analysis of these rich faint structures in photoelectron diffraction, especially in the hard x-ray regime, remain highly challenging, with only a limited number of simulations successfully reproducing these patterns. The strong energy dependence of Kikuchi patterns further complicates their interpretation, necessitating advanced theoretical approaches. To enhance structural analysis, we present a comprehensive theoretical study of fine diffraction patterns and their evolution with energy by simulating core-level emissions from Ge(100) and Si(100). Using multiple-scattering theory and the fully relativistic one-step photoemission model, we simulate faint pattern networks for various core levels across different kinetic energies (106–4174 eV), avoiding cluster size convergence issues inherent in cluster-based methods. Broadening in patterns is discussed via the inelastic scattering treatment. For the first time, circular dichroism has been observed and successfully reproduced in the angular distribution of Si(100) 1𝑠, revealing detailed features and asymmetries up to 31%. Notably, we successfully replicate experimental bulk and more “surface-sensitivity” diffraction features, further validating the robustness of our simulations. The results show remarkable agreement with the experimental data obtained using circularly polarized radiations, demonstrating the potential of this methodology for advancing high-energy PES investigations.
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Feb 2026
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I09-Surface and Interface Structural Analysis
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Diamond Proposal Number(s):
[31857]
Open Access
Abstract: The transition to non-flammable electrolytes is essential to enhance the safety of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries in the context of rapid global electrification. However, these next-generation electrolytes often exhibit inferior electrochemical performance compared to conventional carbonate-based systems, hindering their practical application. Recent studies suggest that pre-passivating electrodes with conventional electrolytes can enhance performance for some next-generation electrolytes through interphase stabilization, yet a mechanistic understanding of this improvement remains to be established. In this work, we combine detailed electrochemical analysis with synchrotron-based hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate how pre-passivated electrodes influence the stability and performance of cells containing non-flammable electrolytes based on the solvent methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate (FEMC). We identify the anode solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) as the critical limiting factor towards use of FEMC electrolytes, with pre-passivation in conventional electrolytes significantly mitigating continuous electrolyte decomposition. Furthermore, our results show that the cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) also plays a vital role, and that optimal performance is achieved by combining an SEI formed in a conventional electrolyte with a CEI formed in the FEMC electrolyte. These findings provide direct electrochemical and spectroscopic evidence for interphase-driven performance improvements, offering a practical pathway to advance non-flammable electrolyte technologies.
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Feb 2026
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I09-Surface and Interface Structural Analysis
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Isabel
Huck
,
Niels
Kubitza
,
Tom
Keil
,
Marius
Schlapp
,
Robert
Winkler
,
Prajna
Bhatt
,
Christoph
Schlueter
,
Pardeep K.
Thakur
,
Tien-Lin
Lee
,
Paweł P.
Michałowski
,
Leopoldo
Molina-Luna
,
Anna
Regoutz
,
Christina S.
Birkel
Diamond Proposal Number(s):
[36180]
Abstract: MAX phases are an extremely versatile family of layered compounds that usually consist of an early to-mid transition metal (M-element), a main group element (mainly groups 13–15) or late transition metal (A-element) and carbon and/or nitrogen (X-element). It is therefore not too surprising that in addition to the roughly 70 compounds with 211 stoichiometry, there exist many solid solutions with mixed elements on the M- and A-site, respectively. Much less common are solid solution phases with mixed elements on both M- and A-site simultaneously (double-site solid solutions), as well as solid solutions on the X-site (carbonitride MAX phases). Challenging these restrictions in the chemical composition space, we present here for the first time (V0.2Cr0.8)2(Ga0.5Ge0.5)(C0.6N0.4) as a new carbonitride member of the MAX phase family, containing solid solutions on all three lattice sites simultaneously. This triple-site solid solution MAX phase is synthesized by high-temperature solid-state methods, and we demonstrate that it is possible to use two different nitrogen-containing precursors (VN and Cr2N), respectively. Structure, morphology and chemical composition are characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy (SEM/TEM), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES).
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Feb 2026
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I09-Surface and Interface Structural Analysis
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Prajwal M.
Laxmeesha
,
Rajesh
Dutta
,
Rajeev Kumar
Rai
,
Sharup
Sheikh
,
Michael F.
Discala
,
Uditha M.
Jayathilake
,
Alexander
Velič
,
Tarush
Tandon
,
Tessa D.
Tucker
,
Christoph
Klewe
,
Haile
Ambaye
,
Timothy
Charlton
,
Tien-Lin
Lee
,
Eric A.
Stach
,
Kemp W.
Plumb
,
Alexander X.
Gray
,
Steven J.
May
Diamond Proposal Number(s):
[40454]
Abstract: Kagome metals are an intriguing class of quantum materials as the presence of both flat bands and Dirac points provides access to functional properties present in strongly correlated and topological materials. To fully harness these electronic features, the ability to tune the Fermi level relative to the band positions is needed. Here, we explore the structural, electronic, and magnetic impacts of substitutional alloying within ferromagnetic kagome metal Fe3Sn2 in thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Transition metals, Mn and Co, are chosen as substitutes for Fe to reduce or increase the d-band electron count, thereby moving the Fermi level accordingly. We find that Co is not incorporated into the Fe3Sn2 structure but instead results in a two-phase Fe–Co and (Fe,Co)Sn composite. In contrast, Fe3−xMnxSn2 films are realized with x of up to 1.0, retaining crystalline quality comparable with the parent phase. The incorporation of Mn repositions the flat bands relative to the Fermi level in a manner consistent with hole-doping, as revealed by hard x-ray photoemission and density functional theory. The Fe3−xMnxSn2 films retain room temperature ferromagnetism, with x-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements confirming that the Fe and Mn moments are ferromagnetically aligned. The ability to hole-dope this magnetic kagome metal provides a platform for tuning properties, such as anomalous Hall and Nernst responses.
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Jan 2026
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I09-Surface and Interface Structural Analysis
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Arya
Loloee
,
Manuel
Scharrer
,
Tullio S.
Geraci
,
Hui-Fei
Zhai
,
Matt S.
Flores
,
Prajna
Bhatt
,
Aysha A.
Riaz
,
Pardeep K.
Thakur
,
Tien-Lin
Lee
,
Anna
Regoutz
,
Jakoah
Brgoch
,
Jason F.
Khoury
,
Alexandra
Navrotsky
,
Christina S.
Birkel
Diamond Proposal Number(s):
[34325]
Abstract: MAX phases are a class of compounds known for having both metallic and ceramic properties, such as good electrical conductivity, oxidation resistance, and high hardness. The bulk of the research on their properties focuses on those with titanium at the M-site and metals from groups 13 to 15, e.g., aluminum, at the A-site. Here, we expand the properties repertoire with new arsenic-containing A-site solid solutions, V2(As1–xPx)C and V2(As1–xGex)C. The structure and elemental composition of the solid solutions were resolved with powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrical resistivity measurements show that both full series are metallic with the parent phases being the most conductive. Thermal analyses show V2GeC is the most oxidation resistant and V2AsC is the least, while substitutions decrease thermal stability, as oxidation resistance of the intermediate compositions shifts toward that of V2AsC. The V2(As1–xGex)C series shows little variation in hardness across compositions, while the incorporation of phosphorus noticeably increases hardness.
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Jan 2026
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I09-Surface and Interface Structural Analysis
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Ziwei J.
Yang
,
Zhuangnan
Li
,
Leyi
Loh
,
James
Moloney
,
John
Walmsley
,
Jiahang
Li
,
Yuan
Chen
,
Lixin
Liu
,
Han
Zang
,
Han
Yan
,
Soumya
Sarkar
,
Jason
Day
,
Yan
Wang
,
Manish
Chhowalla
Diamond Proposal Number(s):
[36790, 39914]
Open Access
Abstract: Metallic, two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets show promise for energy storage and catalysis applications. However, current chemical exfoliation methods require more than 48 h to produce milligrams of material, and result in an impure mixture of metallic (1T/1T′, approximately 50%–70%) and semiconducting (2H) phases. Here we demonstrate large-scale and rapid (>600 g h−1) production of nearly pure-phase metallic two-dimensional MoS2 nanosheets using microwave irradiation. Atomic-resolution imaging and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy show nearly 100% metallic phase in the basal plane. This high purity leads to a large exchange current density (0.175 ± 0.030 mA cm−2) and low Tafel slopes (39–47 mV dec−1) for hydrogen evolution reaction. In supercapacitors and lithium–sulfur pouch-cell batteries, the resulting nanosheets enable a high volumetric capacitance of 753.0 ± 3.6 F cm−3 and a specific capacity of 1,245 ± 16 mAh g−1 (electrolyte-to-sulfur ratio, 2 µl mg−1), respectively. Our method provides a practical pathway for producing high-quality metallic two-dimensional materials for high-performance energy devices.
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Jan 2026
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