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Abstract: Cryo-electron microscopy is an essential tool for high-resolution structural studies of biological systems. This method relies on the use of phase contrast imaging at high defocus to improve information transfer at low spatial frequencies at the expense of higher spatial frequencies. Here we demonstrate that electron ptychography can recover the phase of the specimen with continuous information transfer across a wide range of the spatial frequency spectrum, with improved transfer at lower spatial frequencies, and as such is more efficient for phase recovery than conventional phase contrast imaging. We further show that the method can be used to study frozen-hydrated specimens of rotavirus double-layered particles and HIV-1 virus-like particles under low-dose conditions (5.7 e/Å2) and heterogeneous objects in an Adenovirus-infected cell over large fields of view (1.14 × 1.14 μm), thus making it suitable for studies of many biologically important structures.

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Abstract: Halide perovskite materials have promising performance characteristics for low-cost optoelectronic applications. Photovoltaic devices fabricated from perovskite absorbers have reached power conversion efficiencies above 25 per cent in single-junction devices and 28 per cent in tandem devices. This strong performance (albeit below the practical limits of about 30 per cent and 35 per cent, respectively) is surprising in thin films processed from solution at low-temperature, a method that generally produces abundant crystalline defects. Although point defects often induce only shallow electronic states in the perovskite bandgap that do not affect performance, perovskite devices still have many states deep within the bandgap that trap charge carriers and cause them to recombine non-radiatively. These deep trap states thus induce local variations in photoluminescence and limit the device performance. The origin and distribution of these trap states are unknown, but they have been associated with light-induced halide segregation in mixed-halide perovskite compositions and with local strain, both of which make devices less stable. Here we use photoemission electron microscopy to image the trap distribution in state-of-the-art halide perovskite films. Instead of a relatively uniform distribution within regions of poor photoluminescence efficiency, we observe discrete, nanoscale trap clusters. By correlating microscopy measurements with scanning electron analytical techniques, we find that these trap clusters appear at the interfaces between crystallographically and compositionally distinct entities. Finally, by generating time-resolved photoemission sequences of the photo-excited carrier trapping process, we reveal a hole-trapping character with the kinetics limited by diffusion of holes to the local trap clusters. Our approach shows that managing structure and composition on the nanoscale will be essential for optimal performance of halide perovskite devices.

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Abstract: We report the application of focused probe ptychography using binary 4D datasets obtained using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Modern fast pixelated detectors have enabled imaging of individual convergent beam electron diffraction patterns in a STEM raster scan at frame rates in the range of 1000–8000 Hz using conventional counting modes. Changing the bit depth of a counting detector, such that only values of 0 or 1 can be recorded at each pixel, allows one to decrease the dwell time and increase the frame rate to 12.5 kHz, reducing the electron exposure of the sample for a given beam current. Atomically resolved phase contrast of an aluminosilicate zeolite (ZSM-5) is observed from sparse diffraction patterns with isolated individual electrons, demonstrating the potential of binary ptychography as a low-dose 4D STEM technique.

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Abstract: The emergence of nickel single-atoms on nitrogen-doped carbons as high-performance catalysts amenable to rationalization due to their well-defined structure could lead to applicable technologies for the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR). However, real materials are unlikely to display a uniform site structure, which limits the scope of current efforts focused on idealized models for future implementation. Here, we prepare distinct nickel entities (single atoms or nanoparticles) on nitrogen-doped carbons and evaluate them in eCO2RR. Single atoms demonstrate a characteristic high selectivity to CO. However, this is not altered by the presence of metal nanoparticles formed upon reducing the nitrogen content of the carrier. In contrast, nanoparticles incorporated via a colloidal route promote the parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction. In these systems, the CO selectivity evolves upon repeated exposure to potential, reaching values comparable to single atoms. By introducing CO stripping voltammetry as a characterization tool for this class of materials, we identify a decreased metallic surface, suggesting that the nanoparticle surface is altered by CO. The findings highlight the critical role of dynamic effects in catalyst design for eCO2RR.

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Abstract: Zeolite encapsulated metal nanoparticle catalysts hold great promise for several green and sustainable processes, ranging from environmental remediation to renewable energy and biomass conversion. In particular, the microporous zeolite framework keeps the nanoparticles in a firm grip that can control selectivity and prevent sintering at high temperatures. While progress in the synthesis of mesoporous zeolites continues, the encapsulation of metal nanoparticles remains a challenge that often requires complex procedures and expensive additives. Here, we report a general method to encapsulate both base and noble metal nanoparticles inside the internal voids of a compartmentalized mesoporous zeolite prepared by carbon templating and steam-assisted recrystallization. This results in a remarkable shell-like morphology that facilitates the formation of small metal nanoparticles upon simple impregnation and reduction. When the materials are applied in catalysis, we for instance demonstrate that zeolite encapsulated Ni nanoparticles are highly active, selective and stable catalysts for CO2 methanation (49% conversion with 93% selectivity at 450°C). A reaction where catalysts often suffer from sintering due to the high reaction temperatures. While the introduction of Ni nanoparticles prior to the steam-assisted recrystallization results in the formation of inactive nickel phyllosilicates, noble metals such as Pt do not suffer from this limitation. Therefore, we also demonstrate the synthesis of an active catalyst prepared by the formation of Pt nanoparticles prior to the shell synthesis. We tested the zeolite encapsulated Pt nanoparticles for hydrogenation of linear and cyclic alkenes with increased chain length. The catalysts are active for hydrogenation of oct-1-ene (66% conversion) and cyclooctene (79% conversion) but inactive for the large cyclododecane (<1% conversion), which show that this type of catalyst is highly selective in size selective catalysis. All catalysts are characterized by XRD, TEM, XPS and N2 physisorption.