Mechanical Engineering
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I. P.
Dolbnya
,
I. A.
Bataev
,
Ya. V.
Rakshun
,
V. A.
Chernov
,
Yu. V.
Khomyakov
,
M. V.
Gorbachev
,
N. I.
Chkhalo
,
D. A.
Krasnorutsky
,
V. S.
Naumkin
,
A. N.
Sklyarov
,
N. A.
Mezentsev
,
A. M.
Korsunsky
Abstract: We present the conceptual design of a universal materials-research beamline based on the undulator of a fourth-generation synchrotron-radiation source. The distinctive feature of the beamline is its capability to work with both spectrally narrow (ΔE/E ~ 10–4) and relatively broad, high-intensity radiation beams (5 × 10–2). The optical scheme enables rapid switching between diffraction, radiographic, and spectroscopic experimental methods while keeping the beam’s position fixed on the test sample and varying the spot size of the radiation from 100 nm to 1 mm.
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Mar 2024
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Mechanical Engineering
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Open Access
Abstract: The successful mechatronics development i.e. modelling, simulation, design, build and test of a magnetic levitation stage at the Diamond Light Source is presented. The concept was to use a low control Bandwidth across the 6 degree of freedom MIMO system, to provide both an alignment stage and vibration isolation. The project simultaneously upskilled staff and developed a proof-of-concept system demonstrator at a low cost. The final motion stage was constructed for a component cost of less than £15,000.
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Nov 2023
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I13-1-Coherence
I13-2-Diamond Manchester Imaging
Mechanical Engineering
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Abstract: The OCTOPI (Operando Computed TOmographic & Ptychographic Imaging) upgrade of the I13L beamline will occur as one of the selected (flagship) projects at Diamond Light Source, UK. The beamline I13L is dedicated to multi-scale, operando and high-throughput imaging. Two independent branchlines cover the micron to nano-resolution range, operating in the energy of 6-30keV. For operando imaging comparable recording times across the different length scales is important for studies under similar experimental conditions in terms of temporal resolution or number of specimen measured. Progress in throughput and data acquisition speed is achieved in different ways. A sample throughput of up to 300 samples a day is achieved for micro-tomography, using an automated sample changer. For imaging with grating interferometry and the full-field microscope, broadband radiation of the undulator source can be used. The bandpass is selected either with a multilayer monochromator or with filters and a mirror. Highest spatial resolution is achieved with ptychography, acquiring data with 10kHz speed and recording tomographic data sets within few hours. Across the different length scales, the gap between the recording times will be significantly reduced and permit multi-scale imaging on a similar number of specimen and time scales. We will discuss the aims of the upgrade and the science to be addressed. The design and layout options for the upgrade will be discussed.
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Oct 2023
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Mechanical Engineering
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Open Access
Abstract: Sand-filled steel columns are used at Diamond Light Source to support front end X-ray beam position monitors. This approach is chosen due to the relatively large thermal mass of the sand being considered useful to reduce the rate at which expansion and contraction of the column occurred as the storage ring tunnel temperature varied, particularly during machine start-up. With the higher requirements for mechanical stability for the upcoming Diamond-II upgrade, there is now a need to assess and quantify the current system’s impact on X-ray beam movement. A study of thermal and mechanical stability has been carried out to quantify the stability performance of the front end X-ray beam position monitor’s columns and the impact that column motion may have on the X-ray beam position measurement. Measurements have been made over a range of different timescales, from 250 Hz up to 2 weeks. The measured stability of the support column is presented, showing that it meets our Diamond-II stability requirements. A comparison of the stability of the column with and without a sand filling is presented.
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Sep 2023
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Mechanical Engineering
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Abstract: This paper describes collaborative work carried out between engineering and beamline teams at the Diamond Light Source to further develop an automated ‘tractor-beam’ acoustic levitation system for across beamline sample delivery. To date great success has been had utilising the system for protein crystallography which has been detailed in papers published in Nature Scientific reports [1] and SRI conference proceedings [2]. These papers describe levitation of protein crystals in their mother liquor, free from any physical support, and via inherent motions, enables successful room-temperature protein structure determination in relatively short time frames. The latest device described here in detail is highly portable measuring only 100 mm tall, provides unimpeded access to the sample, requires only a few Watts of power, and costs only $100 to build. Additionally, the latest system, has an integrated PolyPico acoustic ejector, which provides the ability to remotely load the levitator with pico litre volumes of liquid, including suspensions of protein crystals. Given that the system can process the sample into the beam line, the positional control and absence of physical support, mixing and light activated experiments are also explored. Thus far, device application has been tailored towards, and experimentation carried out on a Macromolecular Crystallography beamline (I24). Given the inherent flexibility of the system, we are beginning to explore the potential application of the device on other beamlines, including small molecule diffraction, SAXS/WAXS (small/wide angle X ray scattering and XES (X ray emission spectroscopy), VMXI and X-ray Free Electron Laser XFEL applications. These applications are explored and preliminary results given in this paper.
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Jun 2023
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Insertion Devices
Magnets
Mechanical Engineering
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Abstract: The main factors that cause the X-ray beam to drift are discussed in this chapter. Issues such as movement of the source or mechanical and thermal instabilities of the main optical elements of the beamline are translated into movement of the X-ray beam at the sample, intensity drifts and nonlinearities on the energy scale, affecting the quality of the data collected. The main steps that need to be taken to prevent and/or minimize the effects of these drifts are described, and approaches such as feedback systems are presented. The polarization of the beam delivered by the different types of X-ray sources used for synchrotron-based spectroscopy experiments is also presented. The on-axis and off-axis polarizations of the bending magnet and insertion devices such as wigglers and undulators are discussed.
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May 2023
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Mechanical Engineering
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Open Access
Abstract: As the Diamond Light source moves towards upgrading to a 4th generation source, increasing x-ray powers and reduced focal sizes will require improved cryogenic cooling to ensure that the projected new levels of brilliance are achieved. This will create a greater demand for LN2, if current systems are maintained, laying a greater economic demand on the facility. As in most cases, new designs are tested using thermal-structural finite element simulation, neglecting the contribution of fluid flow. This leaves us without information about the effect of the fluid on the surface of the crystal, along with the efficiency of the flow itself. This results in under optimised cooling systems, leaving cooling capabilities of the system reduced, increasing the consumption of LN2. This paper presents a full fluid-structure-thermal model, showing the full effects of the flow of liquid nitrogen on the system. This paper will discuss this model in comparison to a conventional thermal-structure model.
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Dec 2022
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Mechanical Engineering
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Open Access
Abstract: Synchrotron Endstations typically use a stack of coarse and fine motion stages to position and scan a sample in the beam. The serial nature of this design causes a low resonant frequency and hence limits the position stability. The combination of multiple stages also adds motion control and data analysis complexity. A large range parallel kinematic cartesian sample scanner has been designed, built, tested and installed to address these limitations. The stage combines a 3 mm travel range with < 3 nm RMS position jitter in the scan directions and < 1 nm/minute thermal drift during scanning. This paper describes and demonstrates the mechatronic design process of Dynamic Error Budgeting. The stage is installed and fully operational on beamline I14 at the Diamond Light Source being used for nanoscale XRF mapping, imaging and ptychography.
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Dec 2022
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Mechanical Engineering
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Open Access
Abstract: The UK national synchrotron facility, Diamond Light Source, is preparing for a major upgrade to the accelerator complex. Improved beam stability requirements necessitate the fast orbit feedback system be driven from beam position monitors with lower noise and drift performance than the existing solution. Short-term beam motion must be less than 2 nm/sqrt(Hz) over a period of one second with a data rate of 100 kHz, and long-term peak-to-peak beam motion must be less than 1 µm. A new beam position monitor is under development which utilises the pilot-tone correction method to reduce front-end and cabling perturbations to the button signal; and a MicroTCA platform for digital signal processing to provide the required data streams. This paper discusses the challenges faced during the design of the new system and presents experimental results from testing on the existing machine.
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Oct 2022
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Mechanical Engineering
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Open Access
Abstract: The Diamond Light Source pre-injector linac generates single bunch and multibunch 100 MeV electron beams for top-up and fill of the storage ring. The linac is powered by two high-power 3 GHz klystrons, and both klystrons are required for reliable injection into the booster and storage ring. In order to introduce redundancy, a SLED pulse compression cavity has been installed so that the linac can operate from just one klystron, with the second klystron held as a standby. A simple phase flip can be used to generate a high-power transient RF spike, suitable for single bunch linac operation, and a programmable amplitude and phase drive profile can be specified to generate a constant-power klystron output suitable for multibunch operation. Details are presented of design, installation and high-power operation of the SLED system, and the ability to generate a long pulse, including corrections for klystron nonlinearity and deviations from modulator flat-top, is demonstrated.
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Sep 2022
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