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Instruments / Technical Area	Publication Details	Published
B18-Core EXAFS	Ligand exchange in ionic systems and its effect on silver nucleation and growth. Andrew P. Abbott , Muhammad Azam , Gero Frisch , Jennifer Hartley , Karl Scott Ryder , Saima Saleem Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52674g Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: The electrodeposition of metals from ionic solutions is intrinsically linked to the reactivity of the solute ions. When metal salts dissolve, the exchange of the anion with the molecular and ionic components from solution affects the speciation and therefore the characteristics of metal reduction. This study investigates the nucleation mechanism, deposition kinetics, metal speciation and diffusion coefficients of silver salts dissolved in Deep Eutectic Solvents. The electrochemical reduction of AgCl, AgNO3 and Ag2O is studied in 1:2 choline chloride:ethylene glycol and 1:2 choline chloride:urea. Cyclic voltammetry is used to evaluate electrochemical kinetics. Detailed analysis of chronoamperometric data shows that silver deposits form via multiple 3D nucleation with mass transport controlled hemispherical growth. The nucleation mechanism was found to be potential dependent, varying from progressive to instantaneous as the reduction potential becomes more cathodic. Diffusion coefficients are determined using three different methods. Trends are rationalised in terms of solvent viscosity and silver speciation analysis with EXAFS. The morphology of electroreduced silver is investigated with scanning electron microscopy and shows that deposits from the urea based liquid form more dense morphologies than those from the ethylene glycol based liquid.	Aug 2013
B18-Core EXAFS	The Electrodeposition of Silver Composites using Deep Eutectic Solvents Gero Frisch , Andrew P. Abbott , Khalid El Ttaib , Karl Scott Ryder , David P. Weston Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 14 (7), 2443-2449 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23712a Diamond Proposal Number(s): [6342] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Silver is an important metal for electronic connectors, however, it is extremely soft and wear can be a significant issue. This paper describes how improved wear resistant silver coatings can be obtained from the electrolytic deposition of silver from a solution of AgCl in an ethylene glycol/choline chloride based Deep Eutectic Solvent. An up to 10-fold decrease in the wear volume is observed by the incorporation of SiC or Al2O3 particles. The work also addresses the fundamental aspect of speciation of silver chloride in solution using EXAFS to probe solution structure. The size but not the nature of the composite particles is seen to change the morphology and grain size of the silver deposit. Grain sizes are shown to be consistent with previous nucleation studies. The addition of LiF is found to significantly affect the deposit morphology and improve wear resistance.	Jan 2012
Health Physics	Design and practices at four European synchrotron radiation facilities P. Berkvens , M. Holbourn , R. Ryder , J. B. Pruvost , P. Colomp Radiation Measurements 41, S200 - S205 3rd International Workshop on Radiation Safety at the Synchrotron Radiation Sources DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.01.030 Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: The European Directive 96/29/Euratom of 13/05/1996, based on the ICRP 60 Recommendations, defines basic safety standards for the protection of the health of workers and the general public against the dangers arising from ionising radiation. Member states of the European Union have had to integrate these basic standards in their national legislation. Synchrotron radiation facilities are affected by this new radiation protection legislation. In the UK, the Daresbury Synchrotron Radiation Source (SRS) operates under the Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999, and the third generation Diamond Light Source (DLS) project is largely benefiting from their experience. In France, the ESRF case is presently being used to define detailed prescriptions, that will also apply to future sources in this country, for example the third generation light source Synchrotron Soleil, presently under construction. This paper summarises general policies and practices of these four SR facilities: SRS, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), DLS and Synchrotron Soleil. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Dec 2006

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