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Instruments / Technical Area	Publication Details	Published
	The single-particle, clusters and biomolecules and serial femtosecond crystallography instrument of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser: Interaction region downstream at atmospheric pressure (IRD) Adam Round , Pierre Aller , Richard Bean , Johan Bielecki , Agata Butryn , Nicholas E. Devenish , Raphael De Wijn , Thomas Dietze , Katerina Doerner , Fabio Dall'Antonia , Gabriele Giovanetti , Huijong Han , Vincent Hennicke , Chan Kim , Yoonhee Kim , Marco Kloos , Jayanath C. P. Koliyadu , Gabriel Leen , Romain Letrun , Luis Lopez Morillo , Allen M. Orville , Tim Pakendorf , Marco Ramilli , Nadja Reimers , Patrick Reinke , Juan Sanchez-Weatherby , Tokushi Sato , Robin Schubert , Joachim Schulz , Cedric Signe Takem , Marcin Sikorski , Prasad Thute , Fabian Trost , Oleksii Turkot , Patrik Vagovic , Mohammad Vakili , Raul Villanueva Guerrero , Henry N. Chapman , Alke Meents , Serguei Molodtsov , Sakura Pascarelli , Thomas Tschentschera , Adrian Mancuso , Pontus Fischer , Sebastian Guenther Journal Of Synchrotron Radiation 33 DOI: 10.1107/S1600577525008999 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: The Single-Particle, Clusters and Biomolecules and Serial Femtosecond Crystallography (SPB/SFX) scientific instrument at the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL) became operational with user experiments in September 2017. The unique properties and capabilities of the EuXFEL, enabling megahertz data collection rates, provide more rapid data collection with improved statistics compared with other XFEL facilities. This improves the feasibility of obtaining multiple data points in time-resolved experiments and hence enables the observation of reactions in greater detail (molecular movies). In collaboration with the SFX User Consortium (SFX UC), the SPB/SFX instrument was designed to further increase user access and research outcomes. Focusing the pulses downstream of the first interaction region [described previously (Mancuso et al., 2019)], a second experiment plane is enabled, which allows for greater optimization and more efficient usage of available beam time. Additionally, the SFX UC provided further instrumentation to provide improved capabilities on SPB/SFX. The aim for additional and extended functionality for the second interaction region was to enable sample-efficient data collection at atmospheric pressure in an environment where the sample temperature and humidity can be controlled. This paper describes the extended capabilities of the downstream interaction region of the SPB/SFX instrument and its major components, in particular its X-ray focusing optics, vacuum to atmospheric pressure out-coupling, available sample delivery methods and 2D detector, and the supporting optical laser systems for pump–probe experiments.	Nov 2025
	Ultrasonic cavitation shock wave exfoliation dynamics of 2D materials revealed in situ by MHz XFEL imaging and multiphysics modeling Kang Xiang , Ling Qin , Shi Huang , Hongyuan Song , Vasilii Bazhenov , Sarlota Birnšteinová , Raphael De Wijn , Jayanath C. P. Koliyadu , Faisal H. M. Koua , Adam Round , Ekaterina Round , Abhisakh Sarma , Tokushi Sato , Marcin Sikorski , Yuhe Zhang , Eleni Myrto Asimakopoulou , Pablo Villanueva-Perez , Kyriakos Porfyrakis , Iakovos Tzanakis , Dmitry G. Eskin , Nicole Grobert , Adrian Mancuso , Richard Bean , Patrik Vagovic , Jiawei Mi , Valerio Bellucci Science Advances 11 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ady9558 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Using megahertz x-ray free electron laser imaging with x-ray pulses of ~25 femtoseconds and a machine-learning strategy, we have conducted comprehensive in situ imaging studies on the dynamics of cavitation bubble clouds in ultrasound fields at the SPB/SFX beamline of the European XFEL. The research unambiguously revealed the quasi-simultaneous implosion of multiple bubbles and simultaneous collapse of bubble cloud in nanosecond scale and their dynamic impacts onto two-dimensional (2D) materials for layer exfoliation. We have also performed multiphysics modeling to simulate the shock wave emission, propagation, impact, and stresses produced. We elucidated the critical conditions for producing instant or fatigue exfoliation and the effects of bonding strengths and structural defects on the exfoliation rate. The discoveries have filled the long-standing missing knowledge gaps in the underlying physics of exfoliating 2D materials in ultrasound fields, providing a solid theoretical foundation for optimizing and scaling-up operation to produce 2D materials in a much more cost-effective and sustainable way.	Nov 2025
	Real-time analysis of liquid jet sample delivery stability for an X-ray free-electron laser using machine vision Jaydeep Patel , Adam Round , Raphael De Wijn , Mohammad Vakili , Gabriele Giovanetti , Diogo Filipe Monrroy Vilan E Melo , Juncheng E , Marcin Sikorski , Jayanth Koliyadu , Faisal H. M. Koua , Tokushi Sato , Adrian Mancuso , Andrew Peele , Brian Abbey Journal Of Applied Crystallography 57 DOI: 10.1107/S1600576724009853 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Automated evaluation of optical microscopy images of liquid jets, commonly used for sample delivery at X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), enables real-time tracking of the jet position and liquid jet hit rates, defined here as the proportion of XFEL pulses intersecting with the liquid jet. This method utilizes machine vision for preprocessing, feature extraction, segmentation and jet detection as well as tracking to extract key physical characteristics (such as the jet angle) from optical microscopy images captured during experiments. To determine the effectiveness of these tools in monitoring jet stability and enhancing sample delivery efficiency, we conducted XFEL experiments with various sample compositions (pure water, buffer and buffer with crystals), nozzle designs and jetting conditions. We integrated our real-time analysis algorithm into the Karabo control system at the European XFEL. The results indicate that the algorithm performs well in monitoring the jet angle and provides a quantitative characterization of liquid jet stability through optical image analysis conducted during experiments.	Dec 2024
I19-Small Molecule Single Crystal Diffraction	Ligand-mediated quantum yield enhancement in 1-D silver organothiolate metal–organic chalcogenolates Mariya Aleksich , Yeongsu Cho , Daniel W. Paley , Maggie C. Willson , Hawi N. Nyiera , Patience A. Kotei , Vanessa Oklejas , David W. Mittan-Moreau , Elyse A. Schriber , Kara Christensen , Ichiro Inoue , Shigeki Owada , Kensuke Tono , Michihiro Sugahara , Satomi Inaba-Inoue , Mohammad Vakili , Christopher J. Milne , Fabio Dallantonia , Dmitry Khakhulin , Fernando Ardana-Lamas , Frederico Lima , Joana Valerio , Huijong Han , Tamires Gallo , Hazem Yousef , Oleksii Turkot , Ivette J. Bermudez Macias , Thomas Kluyver , Philipp Schmidt , Luca Gelisio , Adam R. Round , Yifeng Jiang , Doriana Vinci , Yohei Uemura , Marco Kloos , Adrian P. Mancuso , Mark Warren , Nicholas K. Sauter , Jing Zhao , Tess Smidt , Heather J. Kulik , Sahar Sharifzadeh , Aaron S. Brewster , J. Nathan Hohman Advanced Functional Materials 17 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202414914 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [35300] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) microcrystallography and synchrotron single-crystal crystallography are used to evaluate the role of organic substituent position on the optoelectronic properties of metal–organic chalcogenolates (MOChas). MOChas are crystalline 1D and 2D semiconducting hybrid materials that have varying optoelectronic properties depending on composition, topology, and structure. While MOChas have attracted much interest, small crystal sizes impede routine crystal structure determination. A series of constitutional isomers where the aryl thiol is functionalized by either methoxy or methyl ester are solved by small molecule serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography (smSFX) and single crystal rotational crystallography. While all the methoxy examples have a low quantum yield (0-1%), the methyl ester in the ortho position yields a high quantum yield of 22%. The proximity of the oxygen atoms to the silver inorganic core correlates to a considerable enhancement of quantum yield. Four crystal structures are solved at a resolution range of 0.8–1.0 Å revealing a collapse of the 2D topology for functional groups in the 2- and 3- positions, resulting in needle-like crystals. Further analysis using density functional theory (DFT) and many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) enables the exploration of complex excitonic phenomena within easily prepared material systems.	Dec 2024
B21-High Throughput SAXS	Microsecond time-resolved X-ray scattering by utilizing MHz repetition rate at second-generation XFELs Patrick E. Konold , Leonardo Monrroy , Alfredo Bellisario , Diogo Filipe , Patrick Adams , Roberto Alvarez , Richard Bean , Johan Bielecki , Szabolcs Bódizs , Gabriel Ducrocq , Helmut Grubmueller , Richard A. Kirian , Marco Kloos , Jayanath C. P. Koliyadu , Faisal H. M. Koua , Taru Larkiala , Romain Letrun , Fredrik Lindsten , Michael Maihöfer , Andrew Martin , Petra Mészáros , Jennifer Mutisya , Amke Nimmrich , Kenta Okamoto , Adam Round , Tokushi Sato , Joana Valerio , Daniel Westphal , August Wollter , Tej Varma Yenupuri , Tong You , Filipe Maia , Sebastian Westenhoff Nature Methods 17 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-024-02344-0 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Detecting microsecond structural perturbations in biomolecules has wide relevance in biology, chemistry and medicine. Here we show how MHz repetition rates at X-ray free-electron lasers can be used to produce microsecond time-series of protein scattering with exceptionally low noise levels of 0.001%. We demonstrate the approach by examining Jɑ helix unfolding of a light-oxygen-voltage photosensory domain. This time-resolved acquisition strategy is easy to implement and widely applicable for direct observation of structural dynamics of many biochemical processes.	Jul 2024
	Mix-and-extrude: high-viscosity sample injection towards time-resolved protein crystallography Mohammad Vakili , Huijong Han , Christina Schmidt , Agnieszka Wrona , Marco Kloos , Iñaki De Diego , Katerina Dörner , Tian Geng , Chan Kim , Faisal H. M. Koua , Diogo V. M. Melo , Mathieu Rappas , Adam Round , Ekaterina Round , Marcin Sikorski , Joana Valerio , Tiankun Zhou , Kristina Lorenzen , Joachim Schulz Journal Of Applied Crystallography 56 DOI: 10.1107/S1600576723004405 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Time-resolved crystallography enables the visualization of protein molecular motion during a reaction. Although light is often used to initiate reactions in time-resolved crystallography, only a small number of proteins can be activated by light. However, many biological reactions can be triggered by the interaction between proteins and ligands. The sample delivery method presented here uses a mix-and-extrude approach based on 3D-printed microchannels in conjunction with a micronozzle. The diffusive mixing enables the study of the dynamics of samples in viscous media. The device design allows mixing of the ligands and protein crystals in 2 to 20 s. The device characterization using a model system (fluorescence quenching of iq-mEmerald proteins by copper ions) demonstrated that ligand and protein crystals, each within lipidic cubic phase, can be mixed efficiently. The potential of this approach for time-resolved membrane protein crystallography to support the development of new drugs is discussed.	Aug 2023
	XFEL microcrystallography of self-assembling silver n-alkanethiolates Mariya Aleksich , Daniel W. Paley , Elyse A. Schriber , Will Linthicum , Vanessa Oklejas , David W. Mittan-Moreau , Ryan P. Kelly , Patience A. Kotei , Anita Ghodsi , Raymond G. Sierra , Andrew Aquila , Frédéric Poitevin , Johannes P. Blaschke , Mohammad Vakili , Christopher J. Milne , Fabio Dall’antonia , Dmitry Khakhulin , Fernando Ardana-Lamas , Frederico Lima , Joana Valerio , Huijong Han , Tamires Gallo , Hazem Yousef , Oleksii Turkot , Ivette J. Bermudez Macias , Thomas Kluyver , Philipp Schmidt , Luca Gelisio , Adam R. Round , Yifeng Jiang , Doriana Vinci , Yohei Uemura , Marco Kloos , Mark Hunter , Adrian P. Mancuso , Bryan D. Huey , Lucas R. Parent , Nicholas K. Sauter , Aaron S. Brewster , J. Nathan Hohman Journal Of The American Chemical Society DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02183 Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: New synthetic hybrid materials and their increasing complexity have placed growing demands on crystal growth for single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Unfortunately, not all chemical systems are conducive to the isolation of single crystals for traditional characterization. Here, small-molecule serial femtosecond crystallography (smSFX) at atomic resolution (0.833 Å) is employed to characterize microcrystalline silver n-alkanethiolates with various alkyl chain lengths at X-ray free electron laser facilities, resolving long-standing controversies regarding the atomic connectivity and odd–even effects of layer stacking. smSFX provides high-quality crystal structures directly from the powder of the true unknowns, a capability that is particularly useful for systems having notoriously small or defective crystals. We present crystal structures of silver n-butanethiolate (C4), silver n-hexanethiolate (C6), and silver n-nonanethiolate (C9). We show that an odd–even effect originates from the orientation of the terminal methyl group and its role in packing efficiency. We also propose a secondary odd–even effect involving multiple mosaic blocks in the crystals containing even-numbered chains, identified by selected-area electron diffraction measurements. We conclude with a discussion of the merits of the synthetic preparation for the preparation of microdiffraction specimens and compare the long-range order in these crystals to that of self-assembled monolayers.	Jul 2023
	Segmented flow generator for serial crystallography at the European X-ray free electron laser Austin Echelmeier , Jorvani Cruz Villarreal , Marc Messerschmidt , Daihyun Kim , Jesse D. Coe , Darren Thifault , Sabine Botha , Ana Egatz-Gomez , Sahir Gandhi , Gerrit Brehm , Chelsie E. Conrad , Debra T. Hansen , Caleb Madsen , Saša Bajt , J. Domingo Meza-Aguilar , Dominik Oberthuer , Max O. Wiedorn , Holger Fleckenstein , Derek Mendez , Juraj Knoška , Jose M. Martin-Garcia , Hao Hu , Stella Lisova , Aschkai Allahgoli , Yaroslav Gevorkov , Kartik Ayyer , Steve Aplin , Helen M. Ginn , Heinz Graafsma , Andrew J. Morgan , Dominic Greiffenberg , Alexander Klujev , Torsten Laurus , Jennifer Poehlsen , Ulrich Trunk , Davide Mezza , Bernd Schmitt , Manuela Kuhn , Raimund Fromme , Jolanta Sztuk-Dambietz , Natascha Raab , Steffen Hauf , Alessandro Silenzi , Thomas Michelat , Chen Xu , Cyril Danilevski , Andrea Parenti , Leonce Mekinda , Britta Weinhausen , Grant Mills , Patrik Vagovic , Yoonhee Kim , Henry Kirkwood , Richard Bean , Johan Bielecki , Stephan Stern , Klaus Giewekemeyer , Adam Round , Joachim Schulz , Katerina Dörner , Thomas D. Grant , Valerio Mariani , Anton Barty , Adrian P. Mancuso , Uwe Weierstall , John C. H. Spence , Henry N. Chapman , Nadia Zatsepin , Petra Fromme , Richard A. Kirian , Alexandra Ros Nature Communications 11 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18156-7 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) with X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) allows structure determination of membrane proteins and time-resolved crystallography. Common liquid sample delivery continuously jets the protein crystal suspension into the path of the XFEL, wasting a vast amount of sample due to the pulsed nature of all current XFEL sources. The European XFEL (EuXFEL) delivers femtosecond (fs) X-ray pulses in trains spaced 100 ms apart whereas pulses within trains are currently separated by 889 ns. Therefore, continuous sample delivery via fast jets wastes >99% of sample. Here, we introduce a microfluidic device delivering crystal laden droplets segmented with an immiscible oil reducing sample waste and demonstrate droplet injection at the EuXFEL compatible with high pressure liquid delivery of an SFX experiment. While achieving ~60% reduction in sample waste, we determine the structure of the enzyme 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate-8-phosphate synthase from microcrystals delivered in droplets revealing distinct structural features not previously reported.	Sep 2020
I03-Macromolecular Crystallography	Megahertz serial crystallography Max O. Wiedorn , Dominik Oberthuer , Richard Bean , Robin Schubert , Nadine Werner , Brian Abbey , Martin Aepfelbacher , Luigi Adriano , Aschkan Allahgholi , Nasser Al-Qudami , Jakob Andreasson , Steve Aplin , Salah Awel , Kartik Ayyer , Saša Bajt , Imrich Barák , Sadia Bari , Johan Bielecki , Sabine Botha , Djelloul Boukhelef , Wolfgang Brehm , Sandor Brockhauser , Igor Cheviakov , Matthew A. Coleman , Francisco Cruz-Mazo , Cyril Danilevski , Connie Darmanin , R. Bruce Doak , Martin Domaracky , Katerina Dörner , Yang Du , Hans Fangohr , Holger Fleckenstein , Matthias Frank , Petra Fromme , Alfonso M. Gañán-Calvo , Yaroslav Gevorkov , Klaus Giewekemeyer , Helen Mary Ginn , Heinz Graafsma , Rita Graceffa , Dominic Greiffenberg , Lars Gumprecht , Peter Göttlicher , Janos Hajdu , Steffen Hauf , Michael Heymann , Susannah Holmes , Daniel A. Horke , Mark S. Hunter , Siegfried Imlau , Alexander Kaukher , Yoonhee Kim , Alexander Klyuev , Juraj Knoška , Bostjan Kobe , Manuela Kuhn , Christopher Kupitz , Jochen Küpper , Janine Mia Lahey-Rudolph , Torsten Laurus , Karoline Le Cong , Romain Letrun , P. Lourdu Xavier , Luis Maia , Filipe R. N. C. Maia , Valerio Mariani , Marc Messerschmidt , Markus Metz , Davide Mezza , Thomas Michelat , Grant Mills , Diana C. F. Monteiro , Andrew Morgan , Kerstin Mühlig , Anna Munke , Astrid Münnich , Julia Nette , Keith A. Nugent , Theresa Nuguid , Allen M. Orville , Suraj Pandey , Gisel Pena , Pablo Villanueva-Perez , Jennifer Poehlsen , Gianpietro Previtali , Lars Redecke , Winnie Maria Riekehr , Holger Rohde , Adam Round , Tatiana Safenreiter , Iosifina Sarrou , Tokushi Sato , Marius Schmidt , Bernd Schmitt , Robert Schönherr , Joachim Schulz , Jonas A. Sellberg , M. Marvin Seibert , Carolin Seuring , Megan L. Shelby , Robert L. Shoeman , Marcin Sikorski , Alessandro Silenzi , Claudiu A. Stan , Xintian Shi , Stephan Stern , Jola Sztuk-Dambietz , Janusz Szuba , Aleksandra Tolstikova , Martin Trebbin , Ulrich Trunk , Patrik Vagovic , Thomas Ve , Britta Weinhausen , Thomas A. White , Krzysztof Wrona , Chen Xu , Oleksandr Yefanov , Nadia Zatsepin , Jiaguo Zhang , Markus Perbandt , Adrian P. Mancuso , Christian Betzel , Henry Chapman , Anton Barty Nature Communications 9 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06156-7 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: The new European X-ray Free-Electron Laser is the first X-ray free-electron laser capable of delivering X-ray pulses with a megahertz inter-pulse spacing, more than four orders of magnitude higher than previously possible. However, to date, it has been unclear whether it would indeed be possible to measure high-quality diffraction data at megahertz pulse repetition rates. Here, we show that high-quality structures can indeed be obtained using currently available operating conditions at the European XFEL. We present two complete data sets, one from the well-known model system lysozyme and the other from a so far unknown complex of a β-lactamase from K. pneumoniae involved in antibiotic resistance. This result opens up megahertz serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) as a tool for reliable structure determination, substrate screening and the efficient measurement of the evolution and dynamics of molecular structures using megahertz repetition rate pulses available at this new class of X-ray laser source.	Oct 2018
I04-1-Macromolecular Crystallography (fixed wavelength) I04-Macromolecular Crystallography	Insc:LGN tetramers promote asymmetric divisions of mammary stem cells Simone Culurgioni , Sara Mari , Paola Bonetti , Sara Gallini , Greta Bonetto , Martha Brennich , Adam Round , Francesco Nicassio , Marina Mapelli Nature Communications 9 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03343-4 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [59966, 5928] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Asymmetric cell divisions balance stem cell proliferation and differentiation to sustain tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. During asymmetric divisions, fate determinants and niche contacts segregate unequally between daughters, but little is known on how this is achieved mechanistically. In Drosophila neuroblasts and murine mammary stem cells, the association of the spindle orientation protein LGN with the stem cell adaptor Inscuteable has been connected to asymmetry. Here we report the crystal structure of Drosophila LGN in complex with the asymmetric domain of Inscuteable, which reveals a tetrameric arrangement of intertwined molecules. We show that Insc:LGN tetramers constitute stable cores of Par3–Insc-LGN-GαiGDP complexes, which cannot be dissociated by NuMA. In mammary stem cells, the asymmetric domain of Insc bound to LGN:GαiGDP suffices to drive asymmetric fate, and reverts aberrant symmetric divisions induced by p53 loss. We suggest a novel role for the Insc-bound pool of LGN acting independently of microtubule motors to promote asymmetric fate specification.	Mar 2018

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