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Instruments / Technical Area	Publication Details	Published
Krios III-Titan Krios III at Diamond	Cryo‐EM reveals mechanisms of angiotensin I‐converting enzyme allostery and dimerization Lizelle Lubbe , Bryan Trevor Sewell , Jeremy D. Woodward , Edward D. Sturrock The Embo Journal 66 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021110550 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [24039] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Hypertension (high blood pressure) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of death worldwide. The somatic isoform of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (sACE) plays a critical role in blood pressure regulation, and ACE inhibitors are thus widely used to treat hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Our current understanding of sACE structure, dynamics, function, and inhibition has been limited because truncated, minimally glycosylated forms of sACE are typically used for X-ray crystallography and molecular dynamics simulations. Here, we report the first cryo-EM structures of full-length, glycosylated, soluble sACE (sACES1211). Both monomeric and dimeric forms of the highly flexible apo enzyme were reconstructed from a single dataset. The N- and C-terminal domains of monomeric sACES1211 were resolved at 3.7 and 4.1 Å, respectively, while the interacting N-terminal domains responsible for dimer formation were resolved at 3.8 Å. Mechanisms are proposed for intradomain hinging, cooperativity, and homodimerization. Furthermore, the observation that both domains were in the open conformation has implications for the design of sACE modulators.	Jul 2022
I03-Macromolecular Crystallography I04-1-Macromolecular Crystallography (fixed wavelength)	The structures of the C146A variant of the amidase from Pyrococcus horikoshii bound to glutaramide and acetamide suggest the basis of amide recognition Stanley Makumire , Siyun Su , Brandon William Weber , Jeremy Woodward , Serah Wangari Kimani , Roger Hunter , Bryan Trevor Sewell Journal Of Structural Biology 60 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2022.107859 Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: The nitrilase superfamily enzymes from Pyrococcus abyssi and Pyrococcus horikoshii hydrolyze several different amides. No nitriles that we tested were hydrolyzed by either enzyme. Propionamide and acetamide were the most rapidly hydrolyzed of all the substrates tested. Amide substrate docking studies on the wild-type and C146A variant P. horikoshii enzymes suggest a sequence in which the incoming amide substrate initially hydrogen bonds to the amino group of Lys-113 and the backbone carbonyl of Asn-171. When steric hindrance is relieved by replacing the cysteine with alanine, the amide then docks such that the amino group of Lys-113 and the backbone amide of Phe-147 are hydrogen-bonded to the substrate carbonyl oxygen, while the backbone carbonyl oxygen of Asn-171 and the carboxyl oxygen of Glu-42 are hydrogen-bonded to the amino group of the substrate. Here, we confirm the location of the acetamide and glutaramide ligands experimentally in well-resolved crystal structures of the C146A mutant of the enzyme from P. horikoshii. This ligand location suggests that there is no direct interaction between the substrate amide and the other active site glutamate, Glu-120, and supports an active-site geometry leading to the formation of the thioester intermediate via an attack on the si-face of the amide by the sulfhydryl of the active site cysteine.	Apr 2022
I04-1-Macromolecular Crystallography (fixed wavelength)	Biochemical and structural insights into the cytochrome P450 reductase from Candida tropicalis Ana C. Ebrecht , Naadia Van Der Bergh , Susan T. L. Harrison , Martha S. Smit , B. Trevor Sewell , Diederik J. Opperman Scientific Reports 9 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56516-6 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [18938] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Cytochrome P450 reductases (CPRs) are diflavin oxidoreductases that supply electrons to type II cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs). In addition, it can also reduce other proteins and molecules, including cytochrome c, ferricyanide, and different drugs. Although various CPRs have been functionally and structurally characterized, the overall mechanism and its interaction with different redox acceptors remain elusive. One of the main problems regarding electron transfer between CPRs and CYPs is the so-called “uncoupling”, whereby NAD(P)H derived electrons are lost due to the reduced intermediates’ (FAD and FMN of CPR) interaction with molecular oxygen. Additionally, the decay of the iron-oxygen complex of the CYP can also contribute to loss of reducing equivalents during an unproductive reaction cycle. This phenomenon generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to an inefficient reaction. Here, we present the study of the CPR from Candida tropicalis (CtCPR) lacking the hydrophobic N-terminal part (Δ2–22). The enzyme supports the reduction of cytochrome c and ferricyanide, with an estimated 30% uncoupling during the reactions with cytochrome c. The ROS produced was not influenced by different physicochemical conditions (ionic strength, pH, temperature). The X-ray structures of the enzyme were solved with and without its cofactor, NADPH. Both CtCPR structures exhibited the closed conformation. Comparison with the different solved structures revealed an intricate ionic network responsible for the regulation of the open/closed movement of CtCPR.	Dec 2019

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