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Instruments / Technical Area	Publication Details	Published
	Small-angle X-ray scattering in the era of fourth-generation light sources Theyencheri Narayanan , William Chèvremont , Thomas Zinn Journal Of Applied Crystallography 56 DOI: 10.1107/S1600576723004971 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Recently, fourth-generation synchrotron sources with several orders of magnitude higher brightness and higher degree of coherence compared with third-generation sources have come into operation. These new X-ray sources offer exciting opportunities for the investigation of soft matter and biological specimens by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and related scattering methods. The improved beam properties together with the advanced pixel array detectors readily enhance the angular resolution of SAXS and ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering in the pinhole collimation. The high degree of coherence is a major boost for the X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) technique, enabling the equilibrium dynamics to be probed over broader time and length scales. This article presents some representative examples illustrating the performance of SAXS and XPCS with the Extremely Brilliant Source at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The rapid onset of radiation damage is a significant challenge with the vast majority of samples, and appropriate protocols need to be adopted for circumventing this problem.	Aug 2023
B22-Multimode InfraRed imaging And Microspectroscopy B23-Circular Dichroism I07-Surface & interface diffraction I16-Materials and Magnetism I22-Small angle scattering & Diffraction	Polymer and soft matter research at Diamond Light Source N. J. Terrill , A. Bombardi , F. Carla , G. Cinque , M. J. Derry , A. Milsom , G. Siligardi , T. Snow , P. D. Topham , X. B. Zeng , T. Zinn Synchrotron Radiation News DOI: 10.1080/08940886.2023.2207456 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Polymer and soft matter research have played an integral part in the development of Diamond Light Source ever since the facility took its first users in 2007. Early experiments explored highly swollen cubic lipid scaffolds using pressure to elicit phase transitions and liquid-crystal engineering . The facility now comprises 33 active synchrotron instruments, together with 13 electron microscopes, and other offline facilities. Diamond has an active polymer and soft matter science program exploring new phase space as well as many in operando studies. Later in the article, we will describe the opportunities available to this research community from the planned machine upgrade, which includes a higher-energy, lower divergence ring with better coherence.	Jun 2023
I22-Small angle scattering & Diffraction	Ultra-low oxygen, liquid sample cell for in situ synchrotron-based small-wide angle scattering (SAXS-WAXS) M. Hassan Sk , S. Agrawal , M. Woolley , S. M. Clarke , A. Osundare , D. Craske , Robert Lindsay , Andrew J. Smith , T. Snow , T. Zinn , N. Terrill Review Of Scientific Instruments 94 DOI: 10.1063/5.0146013 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [23699, 28693, 32669] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Here, we report the design and successful implementation of an ultra-low oxygen sample cell for use on the SAXS-WAXS (small-wide angle x-ray scattering) beamline I22 at DIAMOND. The rigorous exclusion of oxygen is found to require double jacketing with purge gas throughout the entire system, pipework, pumps, and the sample cell itself. This particularly includes a “double-window” arrangement at the sample location to accommodate the very tight geometrical restrictions of the sample position. The in situ cell design also requires the additional complexity of heating the sample/solution and real-time electrochemical measurements. We demonstrate the successful implementation of this arrangement with real-time in situ characterization of an iron foil corrosion evolving under the “sweet-scale environment,” very anoxic conditions common, in particular, commercial situations. The formation of iron carbonate, siderite, rather than iron oxide, indicates that our system is oxygen free down very low levels (<35 ppb at 80 °C).	Apr 2023

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