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Instruments / Technical Area	Publication Details	Published
I05-ARPES I10-Beamline for Advanced Dichroism - scattering	Magnetic x-ray spectroscopy of Gd-doped EuO thin films E. L. Arnold , J. M. Riley , L. B. Duffy , A. I. Figueroa , R. Held , K. M. Shen , D. G. Schlom , P. D. C. King , M. Hoesch , G. Van Der Laan , T. Hesjedal Physical Review Materials 9 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.9.024410 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [16162, 15481] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: We present a detailed x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) study of the magnetic properties of Gd-doped EuO thin films, synthesized via molecular-beam epitaxy with Gd doping levels up to over 12%. The impact of Gd doping on the electronic and magnetic behavior of EuO is studied using XMCD and magnetometry. Gd doping significantly enhances the Curie temperature (𝑇C) from 69 K in undoped EuO to over 120 K, driven by increased carrier density, while preserving the high quality of the single-crystalline films. At higher doping levels, a plateau in 𝑇C is observed, which is attributed to the formation of Eu-Gd nearest-neighbor pairs that limit dopant activation. We also observe a distinctive “double-dome” structure in the temperature-dependent magnetization, which we attribute to both the ferromagnetic ordering of Eu 4⁢𝑓 moments at lower temperatures and the influence of conduction electrons via 4⁢𝑓−5⁢𝑑 exchange interactions at higher temperatures. These findings provide key insights into the mechanisms of carrier-induced magnetic transitions.	Feb 2025
Theoretical Physics	Magnetic ordering and its influence on X-ray spectroscopies Gerrit Van Der Laan , Adriana I. Figueroa DOI: 10.1107/S1574870722001628 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: X-ray absorption (XA) spectroscopy enables us to probe the electronic structure and magnetic ordering in, for example, thin-film systems. The photon–matter interaction contains both nonresonant and resonant terms, but only the latter have a strong sensitivity to the spin and orbital moments of the valence shell. Selection rules in XA provide us with a probe to study the local magnetic ground state. The branching ratio of the spin–orbit split core-level spectra is proportional to the ground-state spin–orbit interaction and can also provide a measure of the spin state. The angular dependence of the X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) can be described as a sum over an isotropic and an anisotropic contribution, where the latter is linearly proportional to the axial distortion due to strain. The anisotropic properties of magnetic materials are essential to maintain the preferred magnetization direction. These properties, such as the magneto-crystalline anisotropy energy (MAE), have their origin in the orbital moment anisotropy, which can be studied element-specifically using angular-dependent XMCD. Alternatively, the MAE can also be studied using X-ray magnetic linear dichroism (XMLD).	Dec 2020
	Absence of magnetic proximity effect at the interface of Bi2Se3 and (Bi,Sb)2Te3 with EuS A. I. Figueroa , F. Bonell , M. g. Cuxart , M. Valvidares , P. Gargiani , G. Van Der Laan , A. Mugarza , S. o. Valenzuela Physical Review Letters 125, 226801 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.226801 Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: We performed x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) measurements on heterostructures comprising topological insulators (TIs) of the (Bi,Sb)2(Se,Te)3 family and the magnetic insulator EuS. XMCD measurements allow us to investigate element-selective magnetic proximity effects at the very TI/EuS interface. A systematic analysis reveals that there is neither significant induced magnetism within the TI nor an enhancement of the Eu magnetic moment at such interface. The induced magnetic moments in Bi, Sb, Te, and Se sites are lower than the estimated detection limit of the XMCD measurements of ∼10−3 μB/at.	Nov 2020
B18-Core EXAFS	A brief discussion of the magnetocaloric effect in thin films of manganite doped with chromium G. Campillo , A. I. Figueroa , O. Arnache , J. Osorio , J. M. Marín Ramírez , L. Fallarino Journal Of Physics: Conference Series 1247 6th National Conference on Engineering Physics and the 1st International Conference on Applied Physics Engineering & Innovation DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1247/1/012013 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: In this work we report on the magnetocaloric effect of La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 (LCMO) and La2/3Ca1/3Mn0.94Cr0.06O3 (LCMCrO) manganite thin films grown by DC magnetron sputtering on LaAlO3 (100) substrates. X-ray diffraction shows that both doped and undoped films crystallize in the orthorhombic structure. Magnetic measurements show a decrease in both the Curie temperature, TC , and the saturation magnetization, MS , for the LCMCrO sample. The change in the magnetic entropy (ΔSm ) was extracted from hysteresis loops at different temperatures around the ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transition, displaying a maximum of entropy change (ΔSm ) max near TC in both films. Moreover, a shift in (ΔSm ) max toward temperatures above TC with increasing magnetic field and a broadening of the entropy change curve were observed. Results of refrigeration cooling power show a lower efficiency for LCMCrO. In order to obtain a local insight into the magnetic interactions of these films, measurements of X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) were performed. XMCD suggests that an antiferromagnetic coupling between Mn4+ - Mn3+ is favored with Cr3+ incorporation, which reduces the Mn L 2,3 XMCD signal and results in a decrease of MS and (ΔSm ) max in LCMCrO films.	Jun 2019
I10-Beamline for Advanced Dichroism - scattering	Antidamping torques from simultaneous resonances in ferromagnet-topological insulator-ferromagnet heterostructures A. A. Baker , A. I. Figueroa , T. Hesjedal , G. Van Der Laan Journal Of Magnetism And Magnetic Materials 473, 470-476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2018.10.109 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [9210, 11500] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: We studied the magnetodynamics of ferromagnetic films coupling across a topological insulator (TI) Bi2Se3 layer using ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). TIs have attracted much attention across the physics community as they hold the potential for dissipationless carrier transport, extremely high spin-orbit torques, and are host to novel quantum effects. To investigate the coupling between the ferromagnetic (FM) layers, vector network analyzer (VNA)-FMR measurements of the resonance linewidth were performed as a function of bias field angle. By bringing the resonances of the two FM layers into close proximity, it was possible to observe antidamping torques that lead to a narrowing of linewidth, a characteristic of spin pumping. The element- and hence layer-specific technique of x-ray detected ferromagnetic resonance (XFMR) was used to circumvent the difficulty of obtaining accurate fits to the two overlapping resonances in close proximity. Our results confirm that the interaction across the TI is a dynamic exchange mediated by spin pumping, as opposed to a self-coupling of the surface state or similar, more unconventional mechanisms.	Oct 2018
I06-Nanoscience (XPEEM) I10-Beamline for Advanced Dichroism - scattering	Investigation of magnetic droplet solitons using x-ray holography with extended references E. Burgos-Parra , N. Bukin , S. Sani , A. I. Figueroa , G. Beutier , M. Dupraz , S. Chung , P. Dürrenfeld , Q. Tuan Le , S. M. Mohseni , A. Houshang , S. A. Cavill , R. J. Hicken , J. Akerman , G. Van Der Laan , F. Y. Ogrin Scientific Reports 8, 11533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29856-y Diamond Proposal Number(s): [15277] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: A dissipative magnetic soliton, or magnetic droplet, is a structure that has been predicted to exist within a thin magnetic layer when non-linearity is balanced by dispersion, and a driving force counteracts the inherent damping of the spin precession. Such a soliton can be formed beneath a nano-contact (NC) that delivers a large spin-polarized current density into a magnetic layer with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Although the existence of droplets has been confirmed from electrical measurements and by micro-magnetic simulations, only a few attempts have been made to directly observe the magnetic landscape that sustains these structures, and then only for a restricted set of experimental parameter values. In this work we use and x-ray holography technique HERALDO, to image the magnetic structure of the [Co/Ni]x4 multilayer within a NC orthogonal pseudo spin-valve, for different range of magnetic fields and injected electric currents. The magnetic configuration imaged at −33 mA and 0.3 T for devices with 90 nm NC diameter reveals a structure that is within the range of current where the droplet soliton exist based on our electrical measurements and have it is consistent with the expected size of the droplet (∼100 nm diameter) and its spatial position within the sample. We also report the magnetisation configurations observed at lower DC currents in the presence of fields (0–50 mT), where it is expected to observe regimes of the unstable droplet formation.	Aug 2018
B18-Core EXAFS	Magnetic proximity coupling to Cr-doped Sb2Te3 thin films L. B. Duffy , A. I. Figueroa , L. Gladczuk , N.-J. Steinke , K Kummer , G. Van Der Laan , Thorsten Hesjedal Physical Review B 95, 224422 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.95.224422 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [15702] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Using soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy we determined the chemical and magnetic properties of the magnetic topological insulator (MTI) Cr:Sb2Te3. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) at the Cr L2,3, Te M4,5, and Sb M4,5 edges shows that the Te 5p moment is aligned antiparallel to both the Cr 3d and Sb 5p moments, which is characteristic for carrier-mediated ferromagnetic coupling. Comparison of the Cr L2,3 spectra with multiplet calculations indicates a hybridized Cr state, consistent with the carrier-mediated coupling scenario. We studied the enhancement of the Curie temperature, TC, of the MTI thin film through the magnetic proximity effect. Arrott plots, measured using the Cr L3 XMCD, show a TC ≈ 87 K for the as-cleaved film. After deposition of a thin layer of ferromagnetic Co onto the surface, the TC increases to ∼93 K, while the Co and Cr moments are parallel. This increase in TC is unexpectedly small compared to similar systems reported earlier. The XMCD spectra demonstrate that the Co/MTI interface remains intact, i.e., no reaction between Co and the MTI takes place. Our results are a useful starting point for refining the physical models of Cr-doped Sb2Te3, which is required for making use of them in device applications.	Jun 2017
I10-Beamline for Advanced Dichroism - scattering	Room-temperature helimagnetism in FeGe thin films S. L. Zhang , I. Stasinopoulos , T. Lancaster , F. Xiao , A. Bauer , F. Rucker , A. A. Baker , A. I. Figueroa , Z. Salman , F. L. Pratt , S. J. Blundell , T. Prokscha , A. Suter , J. Waizner , M. Garst , D. Grundler , G. Van Der Laan , C. Pfleiderer , T. Hesjedal Scientific Reports 7 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00201-z Diamond Proposal Number(s): [8703, 9595] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Chiral magnets are promising materials for the realisation of high-density and low-power spintronic memory devices. For these future applications, a key requirement is the synthesis of appropriate materials in the form of thin films ordering well above room temperature. Driven by the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, the cubic compound FeGe exhibits helimagnetism with a relatively high transition temperature of 278 K in bulk crystals. We demonstrate that this temperature can be enhanced significantly in thin films. Using x-ray scattering and ferromagnetic resonance techniques, we provide unambiguous experimental evidence for long-wavelength helimagnetic order at room temperature and magnetic properties similar to the bulk material. We obtain αintr = 0.0036 ± 0.0003 at 310 K for the intrinsic damping parameter. We probe the dynamics of the system by means of muon-spin rotation, indicating that the ground state is reached via a freezing out of slow dynamics. Our work paves the way towards the fabrication of thin films of chiral magnets that host certain spin whirls, so-called skyrmions, at room temperature and potentially offer integrability into modern electronics.	Mar 2017
B18-Core EXAFS	Experimental and density functional study of Mn doped Bi2Te3 topological insulator A. Ghasemi , D. Kepaptsoglou , A. I. Figueroa , G. A. Naydenov , P. J. Hasnip , M. I. J. Probert , Q. Ramasse , G. Van Der Laan , Thorsten Hesjedal , V. K. Lazarov Apl Materials 4 DOI: 10.1063/1.4971354 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [9178] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: We present a nanoscale structural and density functional study of the Mn doped 3D topological insulator Bi2Te3. X-ray absorption near edge structure shows that Mn has valency of nominally 2+. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy in combination with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) shows that Mn is a substitutional dopant of Bi and Te and also resides in the van derWaals gap between the quintuple layers of Bi2Te3. Combination of aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and EELS shows that Mn substitution of Te occurs in film regions with increased Mn concentration. First-principles calculations show that the Mn dopants favor octahedral sites and are ferromagnetically coupled.	Dec 2016
B18-Core EXAFS	Strain in epitaxial MnSi films on Si(111) in the thick film limit studied by polarization-dependent extended x-ray absorption fine structure A. I. Figueroa , S. L. Zhang , A. A. Baker , R. Chalasani , A. Kohn , S. C. Speller , D. Gianolio , C. Pfleiderer , G. Van Der Laan , T. Hesjedal Physical Review B 94, 174107 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.94.174107 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [10243] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: We report a study of the strain state of epitaxial MnSi films on Si(111) substrates in the thick film limit (100–500 A) as a function of filmthickness using polarization-dependent extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). All films investigated are phase-pure and of high quality with a sharp interface between MnSi and Si. The investigated MnSi films are in a thickness regime where the magnetic transition temperature Tc assumes a thickness-independent enhanced value of 43 K as compared with that of bulk MnSi, where Tc = 29 K. A detailed refinement of the EXAFS data reveals that the Mn positions are unchanged, whereas the Si positions vary along the out-of-plane [111] direction, alternating in orientation from unit cell to unit cell. Thus, for thick MnSi films, the unit cell volume is essentially that of bulk MnSi—except in the vicinity of the interface with the Si substrate (thin film limit). In view of the enhanced magnetic transition temperature we conclude that the mere presence of the interface, and its specific characteristics, strongly affects the magnetic properties of the entire MnSi film, even far from the interface. Our analysis provides invaluable information about the local strain at the MnSi/Si(111) interface. The presented methodology of polarization dependent EXAFS can also be employed to investigate the local structure of other interesting interfaces.	Nov 2016

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