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Instruments / Technical Area	Publication Details	Published	Actions
I18-Microfocus Spectroscopy	Cellular preservation of musculoskeletal specializations in the Cretaceous bird Confuciusornis Baoyu Jiang , Tao Zhao , Sophie Regnault , Nicholas P. Edwards , Simon C. Kohn , Zhiheng Li , Roy A. Wogelius , Michael J. Benton , John R. Hutchinson Nature Communications 8, 14779 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14779 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [9488] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: The hindlimb of theropod dinosaurs changed appreciably in the lineage leading to extant birds, becoming more ‘crouched’ in association with changes to body shape and gait dynamics. This postural evolution included anatomical changes of the foot and ankle, altering the moment arms and control of the muscles that manipulated the tarsometatarsus and digits, but the timing of these changes is unknown. Here, we report cellular-level preservation of tendon- and cartilage-like tissues from the lower hindlimb of Early Cretaceous Confuciusornis. The digital flexor tendons passed through cartilages, cartilaginous cristae and ridges on the plantar side of the distal tibiotarsus and proximal tarsometatarsus, as in extant birds. In particular, fibrocartilaginous and cartilaginous structures on the plantar surface of the ankle joint of Confuciusornis may indicate a more crouched hindlimb posture. Recognition of these specialized soft tissues in Confuciusornis is enabled by our combination of imaging and chemical analyses applied to an exceptionally preserved fossil.	Mar 2017
I15-Extreme Conditions	The stability of hydrous silicates in Earth's lower mantle: Experimental constraints from the systems MgO–SiO2–H2O and MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O M. J. Walter , A. R. Thomson , W. Wang , O. T. Lord , J. Ross , S. C. Mcmahon , M. A. Baron , E. Melekhova , A. K. Kleppe , S. C. Kohn Chemical Geology 418, 16 – 29 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.05.001 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [8669, 9788] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: We performed laser-heated diamond anvil cell experiments on bulk compositions in the systems MgO–SiO2–H2O (MSH) and MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O (MASH) that constrain the stability of hydrous phases in Earth's lower mantle. Phase identification by synchrotron powder diffraction reveals a consistent set of stability relations for the high-pressure, dense hydrous silicate phases D and H. In the MSH system phase D is stable to ~ 50 GPa, independent of temperature from ~ 1300 to 1700 K. Phase H becomes stable between 35 and 40 GPa, and the phase H out reaction occurs at ~ 55 GPa at 1600 K with a negative dT/dP slope of ~− 75 K/GPa. Between ~ 30 and 50 GPa dehydration melting occurs at ~ 1800 K with a flat dT/dP slope. A cusp along the solidus at ~ 50 GPa corresponds with the intersection of the subsolidus phase H out reaction, and the dT/dP melting slope steepens to ~ 15 K/GPa up to ~ 85 GPa.	Dec 2015

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