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Instruments / Technical Area	Publication Details	Published
I13-2-Diamond Manchester Imaging	Fossilized cell structures identify an ancient origin for the teleost whole-genome duplication Donald Davesne , Matt Friedman , Armin D. Schmitt , Vincent Fernandez , Giorgio Carnevale , Per E. Ahlberg , Sophie Sanchez , Roger B. J. Benson Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences 118 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101780118 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [21817] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Teleost fishes comprise one-half of all vertebrate species and possess a duplicated genome. This whole-genome duplication (WGD) occurred on the teleost stem lineage in an ancient common ancestor of all living teleosts and is hypothesized as a trigger of their exceptional evolutionary radiation. Genomic and phylogenetic data indicate that WGD occurred in the Mesozoic after the divergence of teleosts from their closest living relatives but before the origin of the extant teleost groups. However, these approaches cannot pinpoint WGD among the many extinct groups that populate this 50- to 100-million-y lineage, preventing tests of the evolutionary effects of WGD. We infer patterns of genome size evolution in fossil stem-group teleosts using high-resolution synchrotron X-ray tomography to measure the bone cell volumes, which correlate with genome size in living species. Our findings indicate that WGD occurred very early on the teleost stem lineage and that all extinct stem-group teleosts known so far possessed duplicated genomes. WGD therefore predates both the origin of proposed key innovations of the teleost skeleton and the onset of substantial morphological diversification in the clade. Moreover, the early occurrence of WGD allowed considerable time for postduplication reorganization prior to the origin of the teleost crown group. This suggests at most an indirect link between WGD and evolutionary success, with broad implications for the relationship between genomic architecture and large-scale evolutionary patterns in the vertebrate Tree of Life.	Jul 2021
I12-JEEP: Joint Engineering, Environmental and Processing	A three-dimensional placoderm (stem-group gnathostome) pharyngeal skeleton and its implications for primitive gnathostome pharyngeal architecture Martin D. Brazeau , Matt Friedman , Anna Jerve , Robert C. Atwood Journal Of Morphology 11 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20706 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [6260] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: The pharyngeal skeleton is a key vertebrate anatomical system in debates on the origin of jaws and gnathostome (jawed vertebrate) feeding. Furthermore, it offers considerable potential as a source of phylogenetic data. Well-preserved examples of pharyngeal skeletons from stem-group gnathostomes remain poorly known. Here, we describe an articulated, nearly complete pharyngeal skeleton in an Early Devonian placoderm fish, Paraplesiobatis heinrichsi Broili, from Hunsrück Slate of Germany. Using synchrotron light tomography, we resolve and reconstruct the three-dimensional gill arch architecture of Paraplesiobatis and compare it with other gnathostomes. The preserved pharyngeal skeleton comprises elements of the hyoid arch (probable ceratohyal) and a series of branchial arches. Limited resolution in the tomography scan causes some uncertainty in interpreting the exact number of arches preserved. However, at least four branchial arches are present. The final and penultimate arches are connected as in osteichthyans. A single median basihyal is present as in chondrichthyans. No dorsal (epibranchial or pharyngobranchial) elements are observed. The structure of the pharyngeal skeleton of Paraplesiobatis agrees well with Pseudopetalichthys from the same deposit, allowing an alternative interpretation of the latter taxon. The phylogenetic significance of Paraplesiobatis is considered. A median basihyal is likely an ancestral gnathostome character, probably with some connection to both the hyoid and the first branchial arch pair. Unpaired basibranchial bones may be independently derived in chondrichthyans and osteichthyans.	May 2017
I12-JEEP: Joint Engineering, Environmental and Processing	Endoskeletal structure in Cheirolepis (Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii), An early ray-finned fish Samantha Giles , Michael I. Coates , Russell Garwood , Martin Brazeau , Robert Atwood , Zerina Johanson , Matt Friedman , Marcello Ruta Palaeontology 58 (5), 849 - 870 DOI: 10.1111/pala.12182 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: As the sister lineage of all other actinopterygians, the Middle to Late Devonian (Eifelian–Frasnian) Cheirolepis occupies a pivotal position in vertebrate phylogeny. Although the dermal skeleton of this taxon has been exhaustively described, very little of its endoskeleton is known, leaving questions of neurocranial and fin evolution in early ray-finned fishes unresolved. The model for early actinopterygian anatomy has instead been based largely on the Late Devonian (Frasnian) Mimipiscis, preserved in stunning detail from the Gogo Formation of Australia. Here, we present re-examinations of existing museum specimens through the use of high-resolution laboratory- and synchrotron-based computed tomography scanning, revealing new details of the neuro-cranium, hyomandibula and pectoral fin endoskeleton for the Eifelian Cheirolepis trailli. These new data highlight traits considered uncharacteristic of early actinopterygians, including an uninvested dorsal aorta and imperforate propterygium, and corroborate the early divergence of Cheirolepis within actinopterygian phylogeny. These traits represent conspicuous differences between the endoskeletal structure of Cheirolepis and Mimipiscis. Additionally, we describe new aspects of the parasphenoid, vomer and scales, most notably that the scales display peg-and-socket articulation and a distinct neck. Collectively, these new data help clarify primitive conditions within ray-finned fishes, which in turn have important implications for understanding features likely present in the last common ancestor of living osteichthyans.	Sep 2015

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