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Instruments / Technical Area	Publication Details	Published
I06-Nanoscience (XPEEM)	Intrinsic and extrinsic ferromagnetism in co-doped indium tin oxide revealed using X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism A. M. H. R. Hakimi , F. Schoofs , M. G. Blamire , S. Langridge , S. S. Dhesi Advances In Condensed Matter Physics 2017, 1 - 7 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2836254 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [1013] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: The effects of high-temperature annealing on ferromagnetic Co-doped Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) thin films have been investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), magnetometry, and X-Ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD). Following annealing, the magnetometry results indicate the formation of Co clusters with a significant increase in the saturation magnetization of the thin films arising from defects introduced during cluster formation. However, sum rule analysis of the element-specific XMCD results shows that the magnetic moment at the Co sites is reduced after annealing. The effects of annealing demonstrate that the ferromagnetism observed in the as-deposited Co-doped ITO films arises from intrinsic defects and cannot be related to the segregation of metallic Co clusters.	Apr 2017
I06-Nanoscience (XPEEM)	Origin of magnetism in cobalt-doped indium tin oxide thin films A. M. H. R. Hakimi , F. Schoofs , R. Bali , N. A. Stelmashenko , M. G. Blamire , S. Langridge , S. A. Cavill , G. Van Der Laan , S. S. Dhesi Physical Review B 82 (14), 144429 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.82.144429 Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: We report an x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) study of a 5.4 at. % Co-doped indium tin oxide (ITO) thin film shown to exhibit ferromagnetism beyond room temperature. The XAS spectra at the Co L2,3 edge reveal pronounced multiplet features characteristic of divalent octahedrally coordinated Co2+ ions. The results suggest that the Co2+ ions are nonmetallic and substitute for the In site in ITO. Magnetic field and temperature-dependent XMCD spectra imply that the Co2+ ions give a paramagnetic contribution to the overall ferromagnetic response both at the near-surface region and throughout the bulk of the films. No magnetic polarization was detected at the In M2,3 or Sn M2,3 edges. We therefore presume that the ferromagnetism observed is a result of the sp-d exchange interaction between the sp band of the host ITO and that of the localized d electrons of the transition-metal Co dopants.	Oct 2010
I06-Nanoscience (XPEEM)	Strain dependent defect mediated ferromagnetism in Mn-doped and undoped ZnO thin films Frank Schoofs , Thomas Fix , Ali M. R. H. Hakimi , Sarnjeet S. Dhesi , Gerrit Van Der Laan , Stuart A. Cavill , Sean Langridge , Judith L. Macmanus-Driscoll , Mark G. Blamire Journal Of Applied Physics 108 (5), 053911 DOI: 10.1063/1.3455856 Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: The structural and magnetic properties of pulsed laser deposited zinc oxide thin films have been investigated. Room temperature ferromagnetism is present in undoped as well as Mn-doped films. The saturation magnetization of the thin films reveals a dependence on both the composition and the out of plane lattice parameter. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism down to 2 K reveals a purely paramagnetic contribution from the Mn in Mn:ZnO films. We conclude that the observed ferromagnetism arises entirely from intrinsic defects in the ZnO which can be varied by manipulation of the lattice parameter.	Sep 2010

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