I15-1-X-ray Pair Distribution Function (XPDF)
Optics
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Open Access
Abstract: The Diamond Light Source (DLS) beamline I15-1 measures atomic pair distribution functions (PDF) using scattering of 40-80 keV X-rays. A unique focusing element was needed to condense these X-rays from an initial large cross section (11.0 mm H × 4.2 mm V) into a required spot size of FWHM ≈680 μm (H) × 20 μm (V) at a variable position between the sample and the detector. The large numerical aperture is achieved by coating a silicon substrate over 1 m long with three multilayer stripes of Bragg angle 4.2 mrad. One stripe selects X-rays of each energy 40.0, 65.4, and 76.6 keV. Sixteen piezoelectric bimorph actuators attached to the sides of the mirror substrate adjusted the reflecting surface’s shape. Focal spots of vertical width < 15 µm were obtained at three positions over a 0.92 m range, with fast, easy switching from one focal position to another. Minimized root mean square slope errors were close to 0.5 µrad after subtraction of a uniform curvature. Reflectivity curves taken along each stripe showed consistent high peaks with generally small angular variation of peak positions. This is the first application of a 1 m long multilayer-coated bimorph mirror at a synchrotron beamline. Data collected with its help on a slice of a lithium ion battery’s cathode are presented.
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May 2019
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Metrology
Optics
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Open Access
Abstract: Recently, the dynamic performance of piezo-electric deformable “bimorph” mirrors for synchrotron radiation and X-ray free electron laser sources has been characterized and significantly improved. This innovation enables high intensity X-ray beams to be rapidly focused or defocused to either match to the size of the sample under test or to select different sized regions of interest in larger samples. In this paper, we extend these results by monitoring a bimorph mirror using a combination of ex situ metrology instruments. Comparison between results from the Diamond-NOM (Nanometre Optical Metrology) slope profiler, a Fizeau interferometer, and Zygo ZPSTM distance measuring probes shows that bimorph X-ray mirrors can reliably and accurately be driven at 1 Hz using advanced features recently added to the high voltage (HV), bipolar “HV-Adaptos” power supply from CAEN.
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Feb 2019
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Optics
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Matthew
Hand
,
Hongchang
Wang
,
Maria
Harkiolaki
,
Federica
Venturini
,
Rosa
Arrigo
,
Pilar
Ferrer Escorihuela
,
Simon
Alcock
,
Ioana
Nistea
,
Andy
Marshall
,
Stewart
Scott
,
Liz
Duke
,
Georg
Held
,
Kawal
Sawhney
Open Access
Abstract: Synchrotron radiation is emitted from a bending magnet source in a wide ray fan which is collected by the first optical element in a beamline. In order to maximize angular acceptance, and hence flux, it is beneficial to increase the length of this mirror and optical design requirements may necessitate that the optical surface be over 1 m in length. Such mirrors also require cooling as they may be subject to high heat loads from the incident radiation. Two beamlines, B07 and B24, at Diamond Light Source, UK, use 1.4 m long toroidal mirrors which utilize a similar side-clamped cooling manifold design. While this scheme has been successful in providing effective cooling of the mirror, it has also been discovered that it introduces deformation of the radius of curvature which is sufficient to alter the focusing characteristics of the mirror. At both beamlines, the horizontal focus of the beam was found to differ by up to several meter from the design position at the exit slit which resulted in poor flux throughput, reduced energy resolution and other side effects. A pencil beam scan method has been used to diagnose this issue and infer the position of the focus and mirror shape. Through the use of a standalone chiller to alter the temperature of the water within the cooling loop, it has been possible to correct the distortion of the radius and restore the focus to its nominal position.
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Jan 2019
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Metrology
Optics
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Open Access
Abstract: Piezoelectric bimorph deformable mirrors (`bimorphs') are routinely used on many synchrotron and free-electron laser beamlines to provide active variation in the size and shape of the X-ray beam. However, the time-domain potential of such optics has never been fully exploited. For the first time, the fast dynamic bending response of bimorphs is investigated here using Fizeau interferometry. Automated scripts for acquisition and analysis were developed to collect Fizeau data at a rate of 0.1 Hz to record dynamic changes in the optical surface as voltages were applied to the electrodes of the piezoelectric actuators. It is demonstrated that residual drift in the tangential radius of curvature of a bimorph can be significantly reduced using enhanced opto-mechanical holders and a fast programmable high-voltage power supply. Further improvements are achieved by applying small opposing voltages to compensate for piezoelectric creep. The present study shows that bimorphs can truly be used as high-speed adaptive optics for the X-ray domain, even without closed-loop feedback correction. This opens the possibility for relatively simple real-time tuning of the profile of X-ray bimorphs. Part II of this study [Alcock, Nistea, Signorato, Owen, Axford, Sutter, Foster & Sawhney (2019), J. Synchrotron Rad. 26, this issue] builds upon these results and demonstrates how bimorphs can rapidly provide customisable sizes and shapes of synchrotron X-ray beams, specifically tailored to suit the experimental samples being investigated.
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Dec 2018
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Metrology
Optics
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Open Access
Abstract: The tangential curvature of actively bent X-ray mirrors at synchrotron radiation and X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) facilities is typically only changed every few hours or even days. This operation can take tens of minutes for active optics with multiple bending actuators and often requires expert guidance using in situ monitoring devices. Hence, the dynamic performance of active X-ray optics for synchrotron beamlines has historically not been exploited. This is in stark contrast to many other scientific fields. However, many areas of synchrotron radiation and XFEL science, including macromolecular crystallography, could greatly benefit from the ability to change the size and shape of the X-ray beam rapidly and continuously. The advantages of this innovative approach are twofold: a large reduction in the dead time required to change the size of the X-ray beam for different-sized samples and the possibility of making multiple changes to the beam during the measurement of a single sample. In the preceding paper [Part I; Alcock, Nistea, Signorato & Sawhney (2019[Alcock, S. G., Nistea, I.-T., Signorato, R. & Sawhney, K. (2019). J. Synchrotron Rad. 26, this issue.]), J. Synchrotron Rad. 26, this issue], which accompanies this article, high-speed visible-light Fizeau interferometry was used to identify the factors which influence the dynamic bending behaviour of piezoelectric bimorph deformable X-ray mirrors. Building upon this ex situ metrology study, provided here is the first synchrotron radiation beamline implementation of high-speed adaptive X-ray optics using two bimorphs operating as a Kirkpatrick–Baez pair. With optimized substrates, novel opto-mechanical holders and a next-generation high-voltage power supply, the size of an X-ray beam was rapidly and repeatedly switched in <10 s. Of equal importance, it is also shown that compensation of piezoelectric creep ensures that the X-ray beam size remains stable for more than 1 h after making a major change. The era of high-speed adaptive X-ray optics for synchrotron radiation and XFEL beamlines has begun.
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Dec 2018
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Metrology
Optics
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Carolyn
Atkins
,
Charlotte
Feldman
,
David
Brooks
,
Stephen
Watson
,
William
Cochrane
,
Mélanie
Roulet
,
Emmanuel
Hugot
,
Mat
Beardsley
,
Christopher
Spindloe
,
Simon
Alcock
,
Ioana-theodora
Nistea
,
Christian
Morawe
,
Francois
Perrin
,
Michael
Harris
Abstract: Additive manufacturing (AM), more commonly known as 3D printing, is a commercially established technology for rapid prototyping and fabrication of bespoke intricate parts. To date, research quality mirror prototypes are being trialled using additive manufacturing, where a high quality reflective surface is created in a post-processing step. One advantage of additive manufacturing for mirror fabrication is the ease to lightweight the structure: the design is no longer confined by traditional machining (mill, drill and lathe) and optimised/innovative structures can be used. The end applications of lightweight AM mirrors are broad; the motivation behind this research is low mass mirrors for space-based astronomical or Earth Observation imaging. An example of a potential application could be within nano-satellites, where volume and mass limits are critical. The research presented in this paper highlights the early stage experimental development in AM mirrors and the future innovative designs which could be applied using AM. The surface roughness on a diamond-turned AM aluminium (AlSi10Mg) mirror is presented which demonstrates the ability to achieve an average roughness of ~3.6nm root mean square (RMS) measured over a 3 x 3 grid. A Fourier transform of the roughness data is shown which deconvolves the roughness into contributions from the diamond-turning tooling and the AM build layers. In addition, two nickel phosphorus (NiP) coated AlSi10Mg AM mirrors are compared in terms of surface form error; one mirror has a generic sandwich lightweight design at 44% the mass of a solid equivalent, prior to coating and the second mirror was lightweighted further using the finite element analysis tool topology optimisation. The surface form error indicates an improvement in peak-to-valley (PV) from 323nm to 204nm and in RMS from 83nm to 31nm for the generic and optimised lightweighting respectively while demonstrating a weight reduction between the samples of 18%. The paper concludes with a discussion of the breadth of AM design that could be applied to mirror lightweighting in the future, in particular, topology optimisation, tessellating polyhedrons and Voronoi cells are presented.
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Jul 2018
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Optics
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Open Access
Abstract: Actively bent X-ray mirrors are important components of many synchrotron and X-ray free-electron laser beamlines. A high-quality optical surface and good bending performance are essential to ensure that the X-ray beam is accurately focused. Two elliptically bent X-ray mirror systems from FMB Oxford were characterized in the optical metrology laboratory at Diamond Light Source. A comparison of Diamond-NOM slope profilometry and finite-element analysis is presented to investigate how the 900 mm-long mirrors sag under gravity, and how this deformation can be adequately compensated using a single, spring-loaded compensator. It is shown that two independent mechanical actuators can accurately bend the trapezoidal substrates to a range of elliptical profiles. State-of-the-art residual slope errors of <200 nrad r.m.s. are achieved over the entire elliptical bending range. High levels of bending repeatability (ΔR/R = 0.085% and 0.156% r.m.s. for the two bending directions) and stability over 24 h (ΔR/R = 0.07% r.m.s.) provide reliable beamline performance.
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May 2017
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B16-Test Beamline
Optics
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Diamond Proposal Number(s):
[3803, 13515]
Open Access
Abstract: Beam shaping is becoming increasingly important for synchrotron X-ray
applications. Although routine for visible light lasers, this is challenging for
X-rays due to the limited source coherence and extreme optical tolerances
required for the shaping mirrors. In deliberate defocusing, even surface errors
<5 nm r.m.s. introduce damagingly large striations into the reflected beam. To
counteract such problems, surface modifications with alternating concave and
convex curvature on equal segments were polished onto the surface of nonactive
mirrors of fixed curvature. Such optics are useful for providing a fixed
size of X-ray beam, but do not provide the adaptability required by many
experiments. In contrast, deformable piezo bimorph mirrors permit a
continuous range of X-ray beam sizes and shapes. A new theory is developed
for applying non-periodic modifications of alternating curvature to optical
surfaces. The position and length of the segments may be freely chosen. For the
first time, surface modifications of alternating curvature are applied to bimorph
mirrors to generate non-Gaussian X-ray beam profiles of specified width. The
new theory’s freedom is exploited to choose the segments to match the polishing
errors of medium wavelength (>10 mm) and the piezos’ influence on the
mirror’s figure. Five- and seven-segment modifications of alternating curvature
are calculated and verified by visible light and X-ray metrology. The latter yields
beam profiles with less striation than those made by defocusing. Remaining
beam striations are explained by applying geometrical optics to the deviations
from the ideal surface modifications of alternating curvature.
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Nov 2016
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B16-Test Beamline
Metrology
Optics
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Diamond Proposal Number(s):
[3803, 13515]
Open Access
Abstract: Deformable, piezo bimorph mirrors are often used to expand X-ray beams to a continuous range of sizes. However,
optical polishing errors present on all X-ray mirrors introduce striations into the reflected beam. To counteract them, reentrant
surface modifications with alternating concave and convex curvature have been proposed and applied to mirrors
of fixed shape or bimorph mirrors. For the latter, a new method of constructing re-entrant surface modifications on
segments of unequal length is described. This allows the re-entrant modification required for a desired beam size at the
focal point to be matched to the bimorph mirror’s polishing errors, thus reducing the voltage variations. Optical
profilometry using the Diamond-NOM showed that a 5-segment and a 7-segment modification could be suitably applied
to a deformable bimorph mirror. X-ray tests showed that striations caused by the 5-segment modification in the beam at
the focus are concentrated at the beam edges, while the beam center is left clear. This is in contrast to simple defocusing,
in which a strong side shoulder appears. The 7-segment modification produces a pattern of evenly spaced striations. The
intensity spikes seen with the re-entrant modifications are caused chiefly by the finite curvature of the mirror at the
turning points. The question of whether deformable bimorph mirrors with different piezo response functions could
sharpen the curvature changes will be investigated. Optimal modifications of continuous curvature, which could more
realistically be applied, will be sought.
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Sep 2016
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B16-Test Beamline
Optics
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Abstract: The Diamond Light Source synchrotron uses active bimorph mirrors to vary X-ray beam size from <0.6 μm to tens of μm. State-of-the-art in situ and ex situ metrology techniques are being applied.
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Jul 2016
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