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Instruments / Technical Area	Publication Details	Published
B16-Test Beamline	In situ X-ray diffraction and thermal simulation of material extrusion additive manufacturing of polymer Weiguang Wang , Yanhao Hou , Jiong Yang , Zhengyu Yan , Fengyuan Liu , Cian Vyas , Wajira Mirihanage , Paulo Bartolo Materials & Design 245 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113255 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [14099] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Material extrusion additive manufacturing (AM) has gradually become a dominant technology for the fabrication of complex-designed thermoplastic polymers that require a higher level of control over the morphological and mechanical properties. The polymer internal crystal structure formed during the AM process can present significant impacts on the mechanical properties of the individual filaments, as well as the whole structure. Currently, limited details are known about the crystal structure evolution during the material extrusion AM processes of polymers. A novel in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) experimental configuration was developed enabling us to capture the material evolution data throughout the extrusion AM process. The in situ time-resolved data was analysed to reveal nucleation and crystallization sequences during the continuous deposition, with the aid of both complimentary numerical simulations and post-process (ex situ) characterisations. The thermal simulations supported the prediction of the filament temperature profile over time and location during the AM process, while ex situ characterisations validated the correlation between polymer crystallinity (resulting from printing parameters) and corresponding mechanical properties. The results obtained from varied process parameters suggest that the processing temperature has a dominant influence on the crystal microstructure evolution compared to the deposition velocity. A lower processing temperature just above the melting temperature permitted favourable crystallization conditions. The overall analysis demonstrated prospects for enhancing polymer AM, to engineering mechanically hierarchical structures through correlative investigations.	Sep 2024
B16-Test Beamline	Process-driven microstructure control in melt-extrusion-based 3D printing for tailorable mechanical properties in a polycaprolactone filament Fengyuan Liu , Cian Vyas , Gowsihan Poologasundarampillai , Ian Pape , Srichand Hinduja , Wajira Mirihanage , Paulo Bartolo Macromolecular Materials And Engineering 34 DOI: 10.1002/mame.201800173 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [14877] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: 3D printing techniques are utilized to produce biomaterial scaffolds with porous architectures that enable cell attachment, biological factors, and appropriate mechanical strength. As the basic building block of a scaffold, the individual filaments should have sufficient mechanical properties, comprising high compressive loading, and fracture resistance to mimic the natural tissue organisation. In this contribution, process–structure–property relationships in melt extruded polycaprolactone filaments are investigated by considering crystalline features, tensile properties, and an array of processing parameters. The tensile properties of the filaments are improved significantly with relatively higher screw rotational speed and relatively lower processing temperature resulting in considerable increase in Young's modulus. The favorable properties are attributed to the increased crystal volume fraction and anisotropy. Thus, this study provides initial pathways for the potential control of mechanical properties of bioscaffolds via engineering crystalline structural features in printed filaments.	May 2018
B16-Test Beamline	Structural evolution of PCL during melt extrusion 3D printing Fengyuan Liu , Cian Vyas , Gowsihan Poologasundarampillai , Ian Pape , Sri Hinduja , Wajira Mirihanage , Paulo Bartolo Macromolecular Materials And Engineering 2 DOI: 10.1002/mame.201700494 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [14877] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Screw-assisted material extrusion technique is developed for tissue engineering applications to produce scaffolds with well-defined multiscale microstructural features and tailorable mechanical properties. In this study, in situ time-resolved synchrotron diffraction is employed to probe extrusion-based 3D printing of polycaprolactone (PCL) filaments. Time-resolved X-ray diffraction measurements reveals the progress of overall crystalline structural evolution of PCL during 3D printing. Particularly, in situ experimental observations provide strong evidence for the development of strong directionality of PCL crystals during the extrusion driven process. Results also show the evidence for the realization of anisotropic structural features through the melt extrusion-based 3D printing, which is a key development toward mimicking the anisotropic properties and hierarchical structures of biological materials in nature, such as human tissues.	Dec 2017

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