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Instruments / Technical Area	Publication Details	Published
I07-Surface & interface diffraction	In-situ investigation of crystallization and structural evolution of a metallic glass in three dimensions at nano-scale Bo Chen , Jiecheng Diao , Qiang Luo , Jonathan Rawle , Xianping Liu , Chris Nicklin , Jun Shen , Ian Robinson Materials & Design DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108551 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [17445, 14918] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: The crystallization behaviour of metallic glasses (MGs) has been investigated since the discovery of these important functional materials in order to optimize their synthesis procedures and improve their performances. Methods including powder X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy are usually combined to characterize the crystalline structure in these “amorphous” materials. Until now, these methods, however, have failed to show the crystallization of individual crystals in three dimensions. In this work, in-situ Bragg coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (BCDI) reveals the growth and the strain variation of individual crystals in the Fe-based MGs during annealing. There is preferential growth along the surface of the MG sample particles during the crystal formation and fractal structure formation around the developing crystal surfaces; there is also strain relaxation happening from the inner parts to the surfaces of the developing crystals while cooling. The work leads to propose that during the crystallization of Fe-based MGs, the growth of the individual crystals follows a two-step procedure; and at higher temperature after the first crystallization period of the Fe-based MGs, the crystallization of α-Fe could be a competitive process between the growth of α-Fe crystals and the erosion from other elements.	Feb 2020
I13-1-Coherence	Three-dimensional imaging and analysis of the internal structure of SAPO-34 zeolite crystals Xue Bai , Bo Chen , Fei Yang , Xianping Liu , Daniel Silva-nunes , Ian Robinson Rsc Advances 8, 33631 - 33636 DOI: 10.1039/C8RA05918G Diamond Proposal Number(s): [12334, 13864] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: SAPO-34 is widely used as a catalyst for important industrial reactions, such as the methanol-to-olefin (MTO) reaction and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxides (NOx). The internal structure of SAPO-34 has a great influence on the catalytic performance. Two-dimensional (2D) images of the SAPO-34 particle surfaces from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show clearly well-faceted cube morphologies, which suggest they should be quite uniform perfect crystals. However, Bragg coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (BCDI) of the SAPO-34 particles shows a rich internal structure existing within these crystals. In this work, we investigated the internal structure of a SAPO-34 zeolite by serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBFSEM). The internal structure observed in the backscattered electron (BSE) micrographs from SBFSEM and the energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) measurements is found to be consistent with the BCDI results. From the three-dimensional (3D) structural images of SAPO-34 crystals obtained by SBFSEM, the domains within the individual SAPO-34 were visualized and quantified.	Oct 2018
I13-1-Coherence	Coherent diffraction study of calcite crystallization during the hydration of tricalcium silicate Xianping Liu , Wei Lin , Bo Chen , Fucai Zhang , Piqi Zhao , Aaron Parsons , Christoph Rau , Ian Robinson Materials & Design DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2018.07.031 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [9642] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: The aim of this work is using Bragg coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (BCDI) to study the calcite crystallization during carbonation of hydrated tricalcium silicate (C3S). Portland cement is a very complex synthesized product whose 50–70% mass is composed of C3S, which is the most important phase to produce calcium silicate hydrates and calcium hydroxide. Hence, its hydration contributes greatly to the hydration of cement and later to the carbonation of cement products when it reacts with CO2, often from the air, to form calcium carbonates. BCDI has emerged in the last decade as a promising high-resolution lens-less imaging approach for characterization of various samples. It has made significant progress with the development of X-ray sources and phase-retrieval algorithms. BCDI allows for imaging the whole three-dimensional structure of micro- and sub-micro- crystalline materials and can show the strain distribution at the nanometer spatial resolution. Results show that calcite crystallization follows a through-solution reaction and the growth model of the calcite crystal can be explained by using “phase domain” theory. During carbonation, calcite crystals grow by increasing the number of phase domains within them while the domain size remains at about 200–300 nm.	Jul 2018

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