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Instruments / Technical Area	Publication Details	Published
Accelerator Physics	Single bunch and multi bunch operation with single klystron using a programmable SLED system A. Tropp , P. Gu , C. Christou LINAC2024 DOI: 10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2024-MOPB027 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: The Linac for Diamond Light Source has been running with two 3 GHz klystrons, powering two 5.2m-long accelerating structures to deliver 100 MeV electron beam since the start of operation. By introducing a SLED pulse compressor system to generate a pulse capable to power both structures from one klystron, redundancy and reliability will be improved. With a 5 µs total pulse, it is possible to charge the SLED cavities for 4 µs and generate a high peak pulse for the last 1 µs able to power both structures. An arbitrary waveform generator function was implemented in digital low-level RF to generate a flat top pulse, which can be utilized for both single bunch and multi bunch operation. Details of the waveguide network, low-level RF design and high-power operation will be described. Results from full energy operation will also be shown.	Aug 2024
Accelerator Physics	Adaptable gun pulser suitable for single bunch and programmed multibunch top-up and fill of storage ring light source C. Christou , A. Tropp , D. Child , J. Hares , S. Palmore 14th International Particle Accelerator Conference DOI: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2023-MOPA161 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Diamond Light Source has been operating in top-up mode for users since late 2008. To date, Diamond’s electron gun has operated in single-bunch mode for multiple-shot top-up of user beam, and multibunch mode for storage ring fill. The uneven bunch-to-bunch charge of the multibunch train is visible in the storage ring and so the fast multibunch fill must be followed by a slower single bunch correction before beam can be given to users. A new pulser has been developed that will generate a flat, fast-rising 500 MHz train of electron bunches from the gun that will enable a uniform fill of the storage ring without single bunch correction. Arbitrary bunch-by-bunch shaping of the train can be used for multibunch fill and top-up of any required fill pattern, thus exploiting the greater charge available in multibunch mode to reduce the number of top-up shots and consequent disturbance to users. Pulser development and results are presented, together with a report of progress towards multibunch top-up.	Sep 2023
Mechanical Engineering	Programmable sled system for single bunch and multibunch linac operation C. Christou , P. Gu , A. Tropp LINAC2022 DOI: 10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MOPOJO19 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: The Diamond Light Source pre-injector linac generates single bunch and multibunch 100 MeV electron beams for top-up and fill of the storage ring. The linac is powered by two high-power 3 GHz klystrons, and both klystrons are required for reliable injection into the booster and storage ring. In order to introduce redundancy, a SLED pulse compression cavity has been installed so that the linac can operate from just one klystron, with the second klystron held as a standby. A simple phase flip can be used to generate a high-power transient RF spike, suitable for single bunch linac operation, and a programmable amplitude and phase drive profile can be specified to generate a constant-power klystron output suitable for multibunch operation. Details are presented of design, installation and high-power operation of the SLED system, and the ability to generate a long pulse, including corrections for klystron nonlinearity and deviations from modulator flat-top, is demonstrated.	Sep 2022
RF	Overview of superconducting RF cavity reliability at Diamond Light Source C. Christou , P. Gu , P. Marten , S. A. Pande , A. Rankin , D. Spink , L. T. Stant , A. Tropp International Conference on RF Superconductivity (19th) DOI: 10.18429/JACoW-SRF2019-THP025 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Diamond Light Source has been providing beam for users since January 2007. The electron beam in the storage ring is normally driven by two superconducting CESR-B cavities, with two similar cavities available as spares. Day-to-day reliability of the cavities, measured by storage ring MTBF, has improved enormously over the years. A full analysis of how this improvement has been achieved is given, with particular attention paid to cavity voltage and vacuum pressure management, and the scheduling and procedure of cavity conditioning. The benefits and risks of full and partial warm-ups of the cavities are discussed, and details and impacts of cavity failure and repair are presented.	Aug 2019
RF	Commissioning of the hybrid superconducting/normal conducting RF system in the Diamond storage ring C. Christou , A. G. Day , P. Gu , P. J. Marten , S. A. Pande , D. Spink , A. Tropp 9th International Particle Accelerator Conference DOI: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2018-THPMF007 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Two 500 MHz HOM damped normal conducting cavities have been installed in the Diamond storage ring to ensure continuity of operation of Diamond in the event of a failure of one of the two existing superconducting cavities. Following receipt from the manufacturer, the cavities were incorporated into an assembly including vacuum pumping, cooling and interlocked diagnostics and then tested for vacuum integrity and RF performance. Both cavities were then conditioned up to high power in Diamond's RF test facility before being installed in the storage ring in August and November 2017. Conditioning and operation has been carried out using a new digital LLRF system. Results of acceptance tests and commissioning with power and beam are presented, together with the current status of the hybrid RF system and options for further improvement of the system in the near future.	Jun 2018

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