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Instruments / Technical Area	Publication Details	Published
I04-Macromolecular Crystallography	Discovery of a potent and orally bioavailable zwitterionic series of selective estrogen receptor degrader-antagonists James S. Scott , Darren Stead , Bernard Barlaam , Jason Breed , Rodrigo J. Carbajo , Elisabetta Chiarparin , Natalie Cureton , Paul R. J. Davey , David I. Fisher , Eric T. Gangl , Tyler Grebe , Ryan D. Greenwood , Sudhir Hande , Holia Hatoum-Mokdad , Samantha J. Hughes , Thomas A. Hunt , Tony Johnson , Stefan L. Kavanagh , Teresa C. M. Klinowska , Carrie J. B. Larner , Mandy Lawson , Andrew S. Lister , David Longmire , Stacey Marden , Thomas M. Mcguire , Caroline Mcmillan , Lindsay Mcmurray , Christopher J. Morrow , J. Willem M. Nissink , Thomas A. Moss , Daniel H. O’donovan , Radoslaw Polanski , Stephen Stokes , Kumar Thakur , Dawn Trueman , Caroline Truman , Michael J. Tucker , Haixia Wang , Nicky Whalley , Dedong Wu , Ye Wu , Bin Yang , Wenzhan Yang Journal Of Medicinal Chemistry 61 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01964 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [20015] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Herein, we report the optimization of a meta-substituted series of selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) antagonists for the treatment of ER+ breast cancer. Structure-based design together with the use of modeling and NMR to favor the bioactive conformation led to a highly potent series of basic SERDs with promising physicochemical properties. Issues with hERG activity resulted in a strategy of zwitterion formation and ultimately in the identification of 38. This compound was shown to be a highly potent SERD capable of effectively degrading ERα in both MCF-7 and CAMA-1 cell lines. The low lipophilicity and zwitterionic nature led to a SERD with a clean secondary pharmacology profile and no hERG activity. Favorable physicochemical properties resulted in good oral bioavailability in preclinical species and potent in vivo activity in a mouse xenograft model.	Feb 2023
I03-Macromolecular Crystallography	Optimization of an imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine series to afford highly selective type i1/2 dual Mer/Axl kinase inhibitors with in vivo efficacy William Mccoull , Scott Boyd , Martin R. Brown , Muireann Coen , Olga Collingwood , Nichola L. Davies , Ann Doherty , Gary Fairley , Kristin Goldberg , Elizabeth Hardaker , Guang He , Edward J. Hennessy , Philip Hopcroft , George Hodgson , Anne Jackson , Xiefeng Jiang , Ankur Karmokar , Anne-Laure Lainé , Nicola Lindsay , Yumeng Mao , Roshini Markandu , Lindsay Mcmurray , Neville Mclean , Lorraine Mooney , Helen Musgrove , J. Willem M. Nissink , Alexander Pflug , Venkatesh Pilla Reddy , Philip B. Rawlins , Emma Rivers , Marianne Schimpl , Graham F. Smith , Sharon Tentarelli , Jon Travers , Robert I. Troup , Josephine Walton , Cheng Wang , Stephen Wilkinson , Beth Williamson , Jon Winter-Holt , Dejian Yang , Yuting Zheng , Qianxiu Zhu , Paul D. Smith Journal Of Medicinal Chemistry DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00920 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [17180] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Inhibition of Mer and Axl kinases has been implicated as a potential way to improve the efficacy of current immuno-oncology therapeutics by restoring the innate immune response in the tumor microenvironment. Highly selective dual Mer/Axl kinase inhibitors are required to validate this hypothesis. Starting from hits from a DNA-encoded library screen, we optimized an imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine series using structure-based compound design to improve potency and reduce lipophilicity, resulting in a highly selective in vivo probe compound 32. We demonstrated dose-dependent in vivo efficacy and target engagement in Mer- and Axl-dependent efficacy models using two structurally differentiated and selective dual Mer/Axl inhibitors. Additionally, in vivo efficacy was observed in a preclinical MC38 immuno-oncology model in combination with anti-PD1 antibodies and ionizing radiation.	Sep 2021
I04-1-Macromolecular Crystallography (fixed wavelength) I04-Macromolecular Crystallography	Generating selective leads for Mer kinase inhibitors - example of a comprehensive lead-generation strategy J. Willem M. Nissink , Sana Bazzaz , Carolyn Blackett , Matthew A. Clark , Olga Collingwood , Jeremy S. Disch , Diana Gikunju , Kristin Goldberg , John P. Guilinger , Elizabeth Hardaker , Edward J. Hennessy , Rachael Jetson , Anthony D. Keefe , William Mccoull , Lindsay Mcmurray , Allison Olszewski , Ross Overman , Alexander Pflug , Marian Preston , Philip B. Rawlins , Emma Rivers , Marianne Schimpl , Paul Smith , Caroline Truman , Elizabeth Underwood , Juli Warwicker , Jon Winter-Holt , Simon Woodcock , Ying Zhang Journal Of Medicinal Chemistry DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01904 Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Mer is a member of the TAM (Tyro3, Axl, Mer) kinase family that has been associated with cancer progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. Their essential function in immune homeostasis has prompted an interest in their role as modulators of antitumor immune response in the tumor microenvironment. Here we illustrate the outcomes of an extensive lead-generation campaign for identification of Mer inhibitors, focusing on the results from concurrent, orthogonal high-throughput screening approaches. Data mining, HT (high-throughput), and DECL (DNA-encoded chemical library) screens offered means to evaluate large numbers of compounds. We discuss campaign strategy and screening outcomes, and exemplify series resulting from prioritization of hits that were identified. Concurrent execution of HT and DECL screening successfully yielded a large number of potent, selective, and novel starting points, covering a range of selectivity profiles across the TAM family members and modes of kinase binding, and offered excellent start points for lead development.	Mar 2021
I02-Macromolecular Crystallography I03-Macromolecular Crystallography I04-Macromolecular Crystallography	A-loop interactions in Mer tyrosine kinase give rise to inhibitors with two-step mechanism and long residence time of binding Alexander Pflug , Marianne Schimpl , J. Willem M. Nissink , Ross C. Overman , Philip B. Rawlins , Caroline Truman , Elizabeth Underwood , Juli Warwicker , Jon J. Winter-Holt , William Mccoull Biochemical Journal DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20200735 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [14631, 17180, 20015] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: The activation loop (A-loop) plays a key role in regulating the catalytic activity of protein kinases. Phosphorylation in this region enhances the phosphoryl transfer rate of the kinase domain and increases its affinity for ATP. Furthermore, the A-loop possesses autoinhibitory functions in some kinases, where it collapses onto the protein surface and blocks substrate binding when unphosphorylated. Due to its flexible nature, the A-loop is usually disordered and untraceable in kinase domain crystal structures. The resulting lack of structural information is regrettable as it impedes the design of drug A-loop contacts, which have proven favourable in multiple cases. Here we characterize the binding with A-loop engagement between type 1.5 kinase inhibitor ‘example 172’ (EX172) and Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK). With the help of crystal structures and binding kinetics we portray how the recruitment of the A-loop elicits a two-step binding mechanism which results in a drug-target complex characterized by high affinity and long residence time. In addition, the type 1.5 compound possesses excellent kinome selectivity and a remarkable preference for the phosphorylated over the dephosphorylated form of MerTK. We discuss these unique characteristics in the context of known type 1 and type 2 inhibitors and highlight opportunities for future kinase inhibitor design.	Oct 2020
I03-Macromolecular Crystallography	Discovery of AZD9833, a potent and orally bioavailable selective estrogen receptor degrader and antagonist James S. Scott , Thomas A. Moss , Amber Balazs , Bernard Barlaam , Jason Breed , Rodrigo J. Carbajo , Elisabetta Chiarparin , Paul R. J. Davey , Oona Delpuech , Stephen Fawell , David I. Fisher , Sladjana Gagrica , Eric T. Gangl , Tyler Grebe , Ryan D. Greenwood , Sudhir Hande , Holia Hatoum-Mokdad , Kara Herlihy , Samantha Hughes , Thomas A. Hunt , Hoan Huynh , Sophie L. M. Janbon , Tony Johnson , Stefan Kavanagh , Teresa Klinowska , Mandy Lawson , Andrew S. Lister , Stacey Marden , Dermot F. Mcginnity , Christopher J. Morrow , J. Willem M. Nissink , Daniel H. O’donovan , Bo Peng , Radoslaw Polanski , Darren S. Stead , Stephen Stokes , Kumar Thakur , Scott R. Throner , Michael J. Tucker , Jeffrey Varnes , Haixia Wang , David M. Wilson , Dedong Wu , Ye Wu , Bin Yang , Wenzhan Yang Journal Of Medicinal Chemistry 63, 14530 - 14559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01163 Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Herein we report the optimization of a series of tricyclic indazoles as selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERD) and antagonists for the treatment of ER+ breast cancer. Structure based design together with systematic investigation of each region of the molecular architecture led to the identification of N-[1-(3-fluoropropyl)azetidin-3-yl]-6-[(6S,8R)-8-methyl-7-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[4,3-f]isoquinolin-6-yl]pyridin-3-amine (28). This compound was demonstrated to be a highly potent SERD that showed a pharmacological profile comparable to fulvestrant in its ability to degrade ERα in both MCF-7 and CAMA-1 cell lines. A stringent control of lipophilicity ensured that 28 had favorable physicochemical and preclinical pharmacokinetic properties for oral administration. This, combined with demonstration of potent in vivo activity in mouse xenograft models, resulted in progression of this compound, also known as AZD9833, into clinical trials.	Sep 2020
I03-Macromolecular Crystallography I04-Macromolecular Crystallography	Building bridges in a series of estrogen receptor degraders: an application of metathesis in medicinal chemistry James S. Scott , Jason Breed , Rodrigo J. Carbajo , Paul R. Davey , Ryan Greenwood , Hoan K. Huynh , Teresa Klinowska , Christopher J. Morrow , Thomas A. Moss , Radoslaw Polanski , J. Willem M. Nissink , Jeffrey Varnes , Bin Yang Acs Medicinal Chemistry Letters 10, 1492 - 1497 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00370 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [20015, 17180] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Herein we report the use of metathesis to construct a novel tetracyclic core in a series of estrogen receptor degraders. This improved the chemical stability, as assessed using an NMR-MS based assay, and gave a molecule with excellent physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetics in rat. X-ray crystallography established minimal perturbation of the bridged compounds relative to the unbridged analogues in the receptor binding pocket. Unfortunately, despite retaining excellent binding to ERα, this adversely affected the ability of the compounds to degrade the receptor.	Sep 2019
I02-Macromolecular Crystallography I04-1-Macromolecular Crystallography (fixed wavelength)	Discovery of a thiadiazole–pyridazine-based allosteric glutaminase 1 inhibitor series that demonstrates oral bioavailability and activity in tumor xenograft models M. Raymond V. Finlay , Mark Anderton , Andrew Bailey , Scott Boyd , Joanna Brookfield , Ceri Cairnduff , Mark Charles , Anne Cheasty , Susan E. Critchlow , Janet Culshaw , Tennyson Ekwuru , Ian Hollingsworth , Neil Jones , Fred Leroux , Mairi Littleson , Hollie Mccarron , Jennifer Mckelvie , Lorraine Mooney , J. Willem M. Nissink , David Perkins , Steve Powell , Mar Jimenez Quesada , Piotr Raubo , Verity Sabin , James Smith , Peter D. Smith , Andrew Stark , Attilla Ting , Peng Wang , Zena Wilson , Jon J. Winter-Holt , J. Matthew Wood , Gail L. Wrigley , Guoqing Yu , Peng Zhang Journal Of Medicinal Chemistry 62, 6540 - 6560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00260 Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Tumors have evolved a variety of methods to reprogram conventional metabolic pathways to favor their own nutritional needs, including glutaminolysis, the first step of which is the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate by the amidohydrolase glutaminase 1 (GLS1). A GLS1 inhibitor could potentially target certain cancers by blocking the tumor cell’s ability to produce glutamine-derived nutrients. Starting from the known GLS1 inhibitor bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,2,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)ethyl sulfide, we describe the medicinal chemistry evolution of a series from lipophilic inhibitors with suboptimal physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties to cell potent examples with reduced molecular weight and lipophilicity, leading to compounds with greatly improved oral exposure that demonstrate in vivo target engagement accompanied by activity in relevant disease models.	Jul 2019
I03-Macromolecular Crystallography	MTH1 substrate recognition - an example of specific promiscuity J. Willem M. Nissink , Michal Bista , Jason Breed , Nikki Carter , Kevin Embrey , Jonathan Read , Jon J. Winter-Holt , Michael Massiah Plos One 11 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151154 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: TH1 (NUDT1) is an oncologic target involved in the prevention of DNA damage. We investigate the way MTH1 recognises its substrates and present substrate-bound structures of MTH1 for 8-oxo-dGTP and 8-oxo-rATP as examples of novel strong and weak binding substrate motifs. Investigation of a small set of purine-like fragments using 2D NMR resulted in identification of a fragment with weak potency. The protein-ligand X-Ray structure of this fragment provides insight into the role of water molecules in substrate selectivity. Wider fragment screening by NMR resulted in three new protein structures exhibiting alternative binding configurations to the key Asp-Asp recognition element of the protein. These inhibitor binding modes demonstrate that MTH1 employs an intricate yet promiscuous mechanism of substrate anchoring through its Asp-Asp pharmacophore. The structures suggest that water-mediated interactions convey selectivity towards oxidized substrates over their non-oxidised counterparts, in particular by stabilization of a water molecule in a hydrophobic environment through hydrogen bonding. These findings may be useful in the design of inhibitors of MTH1.	Mar 2016
I03-Macromolecular Crystallography	Potent and selective inhibitors of MTH1 probe its role in cancer cell survival Jason G. Kettle , Husam Alwan , Michal Bista , Jason Breed , Nichola L. Davies , Kay Eckersley , Shaun Fillery , Kevin M. Foote , Louise Goodwin , David R. Jones , Helena Käck , Alan Lau , J. Willem M. Nissink , Jon Read , James S. Scott , Ben Taylor , Graeme Walker , Lisa Wissler , Marta Wylot Journal Of Medicinal Chemistry 59, 2346–2361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01760 PMID: 26878898 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Recent literature has claimed that inhibition of the enzyme MTH1 can eradicate cancer. MTH1 is one of the “housekeeping” enzymes that are responsible for hydrolyzing damaged nucleotides in cells and thus prevent them from being incorporated into DNA. We have developed orthogonal and chemically distinct tool compounds to those published in the literature to allow us to test the hypothesis that inhibition of MTH1 has wide applicability in the treatment of cancer. Here we present the work that led to the discovery of three structurally different series of MTH1 inhibitors with excellent potency, selectivity, and proven target engagement in cells. None of these compounds elicited the reported cellular phenotype, and additional siRNA and CRISPR experiments further support these observations. Critically, the difference between the responses of our highly selective inhibitors and published tool compounds suggests that the effect reported for the latter may be due to off-target cytotoxic effects. As a result, we conclude that the role of MTH1 in carcinogenesis and utility of its inhibition is yet to be established.	Feb 2016

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