I22-Small angle scattering & Diffraction
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Diamond Proposal Number(s):
[23642]
Open Access
Abstract: Despite increasing knowledge about the mechanistic aspects of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) as oligonucleotide carriers, the structure-function relationship in LNPs has been generally overlooked. Understanding this correlation is critical in the rational design of LNPs. Here, a materials characterization approach is utilized, applying structural information from small-angle X-ray scattering experiments to design novel LNPs focusing on distinct lipid organizations with a minimal compositional variation. The lipid phase structures are characterized in these LNPs and their corresponding bulk lipid mixtures with small-angle scattering techniques, and the LNP-cell interactions in vitro with respect to cytotoxicity, hemolysis, cargo delivery, cell uptake, and lysosomal swelling. An LNP is identified that outperforms Onpattro lipid composition using lipid components and molar ratios which differ from the gold standard clinical LNPs. The base structure of these LNPs has an inverse micellar phase organization, whereas the LNPs with inverted hexagonal phases are not functional, suggesting that this phase formation may not be needed for LNP-mediated oligonucleotide delivery. The importance of stabilizer choice for the LNP function is demonstrated and super-resolution microscopy highlights the complexity of the delivery mechanisms, where lysosomal swelling for the majority of LNPs is observed. This study highlights the importance of advanced characterization for the rational design of LNPs to enable the study of structure-function relationships.
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Mar 2025
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B21-High Throughput SAXS
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Diamond Proposal Number(s):
[18022]
Open Access
Abstract: Human immunoglobulin G (IgG) exists as four subclasses IgG1-4, each of which has two Fab subunits joined by two hinges to a Fc subunit. IgG4 has the shortest hinge with 12 residues. The Fc subunit has two glycan chains, but the importance of glycosylation is not fully understood in IgG4. Here, to evaluate the stability and structure of non-glycosylated IgG4, we performed a multidisciplinary structural study of glycosylated and deglycosylated human IgG4 A33 for comparison with our similar study of human IgG1 A33. After deglycosylation, IgG4 was found to be monomeric by analytical ultracentrifugation; its sedimentation coefficient of 6.52 S was reduced by 0.27 S in reflection of its lower mass. X-ray and neutron solution scattering showed that the overall Guinier radius of gyration RG and its cross-sectional values after deglycosylation were almost unchanged. In the P(r) distance distribution curves, the two M1 and M2 peaks that monitor the two most common distances within IgG4 were unchanged following deglycosylation. Further insight from Monte Carlo simulations for glycosylated and deglycosylated IgG4 came from 111,382 and 117,135 possible structures respectively. Their comparison to the X-ray and neutron scattering curves identified several hundred best-fit models for both forms of IgG4. Principal component analyses showed that glycosylated and deglycosylated IgG4 exhibited different conformations from each other. Within the constraint of unchanged RG and M1-M2 values, the glycosylated IgG4 models showed more restricted Fc conformations compared to deglycosylated IgG4, but no other changes. Kratky plots supported this interpretation of greater disorder upon deglycosylation, also observed in IgG1. Overall, these more variable Fc conformations may demonstrate a generalisable impact of deglycosylation on Fc structures, but with no large conformational changes in IgG4 unlike those seen in IgG1.
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Apr 2024
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B21-High Throughput SAXS
B23-Circular Dichroism
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Philip
Bardelang
,
Ewan J.
Murray
,
Isobel
Blower
,
Sara
Zandomeneghi
,
Alice
Goode
,
Rohanah
Hussain
,
Divya
Kumari
,
Giuliano
Siligardi
,
Katsuaki
Inoue
,
Jeni
Luckett
,
James
Doutch
,
Jonas
Emsley
,
Weng C.
Chan
,
Philip
Hill
,
Paul
Williams
,
Boyan B.
Bonev
Diamond Proposal Number(s):
[5098, 12923, 13185, 13634, 15146]
Open Access
Abstract: Virulence gene expression in the human pathogen, S. aureus is regulated by the agr (accessory gene regulator) quorum sensing (QS) system which is conserved in diverse Gram-positive bacteria. The agr QS signal molecule is an autoinducing peptide (AIP) generated via the initial processing of the AgrD pro-peptide by the transmembrane peptidase AgrB. Since structural information for AgrB and AgrBD interactions are lacking, we used homology modelling and molecular dynamics (MD) annealing to characterise the conformations of AgrB and AgrD in model membranes and in solution. These revealed a six helical transmembrane domain (6TMD) topology for AgrB. In solution, AgrD behaves as a disordered peptide, which binds N-terminally to membranes in the absence and in the presence of AgrB. In silico, membrane complexes of AgrD and dimeric AgrB show non-equivalent AgrB monomers responsible for initial binding and for processing, respectively. By exploiting split luciferase assays in Staphylococcus aureus, we provide experimental evidence that AgrB interacts directly with itself and with AgrD. We confirmed the in vitro formation of an AgrBD complex and AIP production after Western blotting using either membranes from Escherichia coli expressing AgrB or with purified AgrB and T7-tagged AgrD. AgrB and AgrD formed stable complexes in detergent micelles revealed using synchrotron radiation CD (SRCD) and Landau analysis consistent with the enhanced thermal stability of AgrB in the presence of AgrD. Conformational alteration of AgrB following provision of AgrD was observed by small angle X-ray scattering from proteodetergent micelles. An atomistic description of AgrB and AgrD has been obtained together with confirmation of the AgrB 6TMD membrane topology and existence of AgrBD molecular complexes in vitro and in vivo.
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May 2023
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labSAXS-Offline SAXS and Sample Environment Development
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Open Access
Abstract: A functionalised dipeptide that self-assembles to form wormlike micelles at high pH can be treated as a surfactant. By varying salt concentration, the self-assembled structures and interactions between them change, resulting in solutions with very different shear and extensional viscosity. From these, gel noodles with different mechanical properties can be prepared.
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Aug 2022
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I22-Small angle scattering & Diffraction
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Diamond Proposal Number(s):
[23642, 18658]
Open Access
Abstract: Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are versatile structures with tunable physicochemical properties that are ideally suited as a platform for vaccine delivery and RNA therapeutics. A key barrier to LNP rational design is the inability to relate composition and structure to intracellular processing and function. Here we combine Single Particle Automated Raman Trapping Analysis (SPARTA®) with small angle scattering (SAXS / SANS) techniques to link LNP composition with internal structure and morphology and to monitor dynamic LNP - phospholipase D (PLD) interactions. Our analysis demonstrates that phospholipase D, a key intracellular trafficking mediator, can access the entire LNP lipid membrane to generate stable, anionic LNPs. PLD activity on vesicles with matched amounts of enzyme substrate was an order of magnitude lower, indicating that the LNP lipid membrane structure can be used to control enzyme interactions. This represents an opportunity to design enzyme-responsive LNP solutions for stimuli-responsive delivery and diseases where PLD is dysregulated.
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Mar 2022
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I22-Small angle scattering & Diffraction
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Diamond Proposal Number(s):
[18658]
Abstract: Short-chain alcohols (i.e., ethanol) can induce membrane interdigitation in saturated-chain phosphatidylcholines (PCs). In this process, alcohol molecules intercalate between phosphate heads, increasing lateral separation and favoring hydrophobic interactions between opposing acyl chains, which interpenetrate forming an interdigitated phase. Unraveling mechanisms underlying the interactions between ethanol and model lipid membranes has implications for cell biology, biochemistry, and for the formulation of lipid-based nanocarriers. However, investigations of ethanol–lipid membrane systems have been carried out in deionized water, which limits their applicability. Here, using a combination of small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering, small-angle neutron scattering, and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we analyzed the effect of varying CaCl2 and NaCl concentrations on ethanol-induced interdigitation. We observed that while ethanol addition leads to the interdigitation of bulk phase 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) bilayers in the presence of CaCl2 and NaCl regardless of the salt concentration, the ethanol-induced interdigitation of vesicular DPPC depends on the choice of cation and its concentration. These findings unravel a key role for cations in the ethanol-induced interdigitation of lipid membranes in either bulk phase or vesicular form.
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Sep 2021
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B21-High Throughput SAXS
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Open Access
Abstract: Human immunoglobulin IgG3 possesses a uniquely long hinge region that separates its Fab antigen-binding and Fc receptor-binding regions. Owing to this hinge length, the molecular structure of full-length IgG3 remains elusive, and the role of the two conserved glycosylation sites in the Fc region is unknown. To address these issues, we subjected glycosylated and deglycosylated human myeloma IgG3 to multidisciplinary solution structure studies. Using analytical ultracentrifugation, the elongated structure of IgG3 was determined from the reduced sedimentation coefficients s020,w of 5.82-6.29 S for both glycosylated and deglycosylated IgG3. X-ray and neutron scattering showed that the Guinier RG values were 6.95 nm for glycosylated IgG3 and were unchanged after deglycosylation, again indicating an elongated structure. The distance distribution function P(r) of both forms of IgG3 showed a maximum length of 25-28 nm and three distinct maxima. The molecular structure of IgG3 was determined using atomistic modelling based on molecular dynamics simulations of the IgG3 hinge and Monte Carlo simulations to identify physically-realistic arrangements of the Fab and Fc regions. This resulted in libraries containing 135,135 and 73,905 glycosylated and deglycosylated IgG3 structures respectively. Comparisons with the X-ray and neutron scattering curves gave 100 best-fit models for each of the two forms of IgG3 that accounted for the experimental scattering curves. These models revealed the first molecular structures for full-length IgG3. The structures exhibited relatively-restricted Fab and Fc conformations joined by an extended semi-rigid hinge, which explains the potent effector functions of IgG3 relative to the other subclasses IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4.
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Jul 2021
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B21-High Throughput SAXS
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Diamond Proposal Number(s):
[18022]
Abstract: The human immunoglobulin G (IgG) class is the most prevalent antibody in serum, with the IgG1 subclass being the most abundant. IgG1 is comprised of two Fab regions connected to a Fc region through a 15-residue hinge peptide. Two glycan chains are conserved in the Fc region in IgG, however their importance for the structure of intact IgG1 has remained unclear. Here, we subjected glycosylated and deglycosylated monoclonal human IgG1 (designated as A33) to a comparative multidisciplinary structural study of both forms. Following deglycosylation using PNGase F, analytical ultracentrifugation showed that IgG1 remained monomeric and the sedimentation coefficients s020,w of IgG1 decreased from 6.45 S by 0.16-0.27 S. This change was attributed to the reduction in mass following glycan removal. X-ray and neutron scattering revealed changes in the Guinier structural parameters after deglycosylation. While the radius of gyration RG was unchanged, the cross-sectional radius of gyration, RXS-1, increased by 0.1 nm and the commonly occurring distance peak M2 of the distance distribution curve P(r) increased by 0.4 nm. These changes revealed that the Fab-Fc separation in IgG1 was perturbed following deglycosylation. To explain these changes, atomistic scattering modelling based on Monte Carlo simulations resulted in 123,284 and 119,191 trial structures for glycosylated and deglycosylated IgG1 respectively. From these, 100 X-ray and neutron best-fit models were determined. For these, principal component analyses identified five groups of structural conformations that were different for glycosylated and deglycosylated IgG1. The Fc region in glycosylated IgG1 showed a restricted range of conformations relative to the Fab regions, while the Fc region in deglycosylated IgG1 showed a broader conformational spectrum. These more variable Fc conformations account for the loss of binding to the FcγR receptor in deglycosylated IgG1.
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Mar 2021
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I20-EDE-Energy Dispersive EXAFS (EDE)
I20-Scanning-X-ray spectroscopy (XAS/XES)
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Diamond Proposal Number(s):
[17574]
Open Access
Abstract: Deep eutectic solvents (DES) and their hydrated mixtures are used for solvothermal routes towards greener functional nanomaterials. Here we present the first static structural and in situ studies of the formation of iron oxide (hematite) nanoparticles in a DES of choline chloride[thin space (1/6-em)]:[thin space (1/6-em)]urea where xurea = 0.67 (aka. reline) as an exemplar solvothermal reaction, and observe the effects of water on the reaction. The initial speciation of Fe3+ in DES solutions was measured using extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), while the atomistic structure of the mixture was resolved from neutron and X-ray diffraction and empirical potential structure refinement (EPSR) modelling. The reaction was monitored using in situ small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), to determine mesoscale changes, and EXAFS, to determine local rearrangements of order around iron ions. It is shown that iron salts form an octahedral [Fe(L)3(Cl)3] complex where (L) represents various O-containing ligands. Solubilised Fe3+ induced subtle structural rearrangements in the DES due to abstraction of chloride into complexes and distortion of H-bonding around complexes. EXAFS suggests the complex forms [–O–Fe–O–] oligomers by reaction with the products of thermal hydrolysis of urea, and is thus pseudo-zero-order in iron. In the hydrated DES, the reaction, nucleation and growth proceeds rapidly, whereas in the pure DES, the reaction initially proceeds quickly, but suddenly slows after 5000 s. In situ SANS and static small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments reveal that nanoparticles spontaneously nucleate after 5000 s of reaction time in the pure DES before slow growth. Contrast effects observed in SANS measurements suggest that hydrated DES preferentially form 1D particle morphologies because of choline selectively capping surface crystal facets to direct growth along certain axes, whereas capping is restricted by the solvent structure in the pure DES.
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Jan 2021
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B21-High Throughput SAXS
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Nathan P.
Cowieson
,
Charlotte J. C.
Edwards-Gayle
,
Katsuaki
Inoue
,
Nikul S.
Khunti
,
James
Doutch
,
Eugene
Williams
,
Steven
Daniels
,
Geoff
Preece
,
Nicholas A.
Krumpa
,
John P.
Sutter
,
Mark D.
Tully
,
Nick J.
Terrill
,
Robert P.
Rambo
Open Access
Abstract: B21 is a small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) beamline with a bending magnet source in the 3 GeV storage ring at the Diamond Light Source Ltd synchrotron in the UK. The beamline utilizes a double multi-layer monochromator and a toroidal focusing optic to deliver 2 × 1012 photons per second to a 34 × 40 µm (FWHM) focal spot at the in-vacuum Eiger 4M (Dectris) detector. A high-performance liquid chromatography system and a liquid-handling robot make it possible to load solution samples into a temperature-controlled in-vacuum sample cell with a high level of automation. Alternatively, a range of viscous or solid materials may be loaded manually using a range of custom sample cells. A default scattering vector range from 0.0026 to 0.34 Å−1 and low instrument background make B21 convenient for measuring a wide range of biological macromolecules. The beamline has run a full user programme since 2013.
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Sep 2020
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