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Instruments / Technical Area	Publication Details	Published
B18-Core EXAFS	Hard X-ray spectroscopy: An exhaustive toolbox for mechanistic studies (?) Anke Schoch , Lukas Burkhardt , Roland Schoch , Kai Stuehrenberg , Matthias Bauer Faraday Discussions DOI: 10.1039/C9FD00070D Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Established and recent hard X-ray spectroscopic methods in form of conventional X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS), and the photon-in/photon-out techniques high energy resolution fluorescence detected XANES and valence-to-core X-ray emission spectroscopy (VtC-XES) provide unique opportunities to study mechanisms in metal-organic reactions. The combination of these techniques allows the determination of the local geometric and electronic structure in form of the numbers of nearest neighbours, their types and distances around an X-ray absorbing atom and the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular levels. Different sample cells for this purpose, which allow high pressure, electrochemical or multi-spectroscopic measurements under inert conditions, are presented and discussed. The potential of HERFD-XANES and VtC-XES to eliminate limitations of conventional EXAFS spectroscopy is established with case studies on the Hieber anion [Fe(CO)3(NO)]- and the iron hydride complex [Fe(CO)H(NO)(PPh3)2]. With VtC-XES the formation of an allyl complex by reaction of [Fe(CO)3(NO)]- in a catalytic nucleophilic substitution reaction can be followed. Combination of HERFD-XANES and VtC-XES allows the identification and investigation of hydride species, as well as their fate in chemical reaction. On the other hand, in order to investigate the active species formation in iron-catalysed cross coupling reactions, conventional XANES and EXAFS are the method of choice for the moment. For all examples, the advantages and limitations of the hard X-ray toolbox are commented and the value of the individual methods are compared.	Jun 2019
B18-Core EXAFS	Effects of heat treatment atmosphere on the structure and activity of Pt 3 Sn nanoparticle electrocatalysts: a characterisation case study Haoliang Huang , Abu Bakr Ahmed Amine Nassr , Veronica Celorrio , S. F. Rebecca Taylor , Vinod Kumar Puthiyapura , Christopher Hardacre , Dan J. L. Brett , Andrea E. Russell Faraday Discussions DOI: 10.1039/C7FD00221A Diamond Proposal Number(s): [10306] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Comprehensive identification of the phases and atomic configurations of bimetallic nanoparticle catalysts are critical in understanding structure-properties relationships in catalysis. However, control of the structure, whilst retaining the same composition, is challenging. Here, the same carbon supported Pt3Sn catalyst is annealed under air, Ar and H2 resulting in variation of the extent of alloying of the two components. The atmosphere-induced extent of alloying is characterised using a variety of methods including TEM, XRD, XPS, XANES, and EXAFS and is defined as the fraction of Sn present as Sn0 (XPS and XANES) or the ratio of the calculated composition of the bimetallic particle to the nominal composition according to the stoichiometric ratio of the preparation (TEM, XRD, and EXAFS) . The values obtained depend on the structural method used, but the trend air < Ar < H2 annealed samples is consistent. These results are then used to provide insights regarding the electrocatalytic activity of Pt3Sn catalysts for CO, methanol, ethanol, and 1-butanol oxidation and the roles of alloyed Sn and SnO2.	Apr 2018
I11-High Resolution Powder Diffraction I19-Small Molecule Single Crystal Diffraction	Computational Modelling of Solvent Effects in a Prolific Solvatomorphic Porous Organic Cage David P. Mcmahon , Andrew Stephenson , Samantha Y. Chong , Marc A. Little , James T. A. Jones , Andrew I. Cooper , Graeme M. Day Faraday Discussions DOI: 10.1039/C8FD00031J Diamond Proposal Number(s): [15777, 12336] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Crystal structure prediction methods can enable the in silico design of functional molecular crystals, but solvent effects can have a major influence on relative lattice energies, sometimes thwarting predictions. This is particularly true for porous solids, where solvent included in the pores can have an important energetic contribution. We present a Monte Carlo solvent insertion procedure for predicting the solvent filling of porous structures from crystal structure prediction landscapes, tested using a highly solvatomorphic porous organic cage molecule, CC1. Using this method, we can understand why the predicted global energy minimum structure for CC1 is never observed from solvent crystallisation. We also explain the formation of three different solvatomorphs of CC1 from three structurally-similar chlorinated solvents. Calculated solvent stabilisation energies are found to correlate with experimental results from thermogravimetric analysis, suggesting a future computational framework for a priori materials design that factors in solvation effects.	Apr 2018
I07-Surface & interface diffraction	CO oxidation over supported gold nanoparticles as revealed by operando grazing incidence X-ray scattering analysis Yaroslav Odarchenko , David J. Martin , Thomas Arnold , Andrew M. Beale Faraday Discussions DOI: 10.1039/C8FD00007G Diamond Proposal Number(s): [10488, 12780] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: The mechanism of carbon monoxide oxidation over gold was explored using a model planar catalyst consisting of monodisperse gold nanoparticles periodically arranged on a single crystal SiO2/Si(111) substrates using a combination of Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering and Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction (GISAXS/GIXD) under reaction conditions. It is shown that nanoparticle composition, size and shape change when the catalyst is exposed to reactive gases. During CO oxidation, the particle’s submergence depth with respect to the surface decreases due to the removal of gold oxide at the metal-support edge, meanwhile the particle ‘flattens’ to maximise the number of the reaction sites along its perimeter. The effect of the CO concentration on the catalyst structure is also discussed. Our results support the dual catalytic sites mechanism whereby CO is activated on the gold surface whereas molecular oxygen is dissociating at the gold-support interface.	Apr 2018
B18-Core EXAFS	Supported Metal Nanoparticles with Tailored Catalytic Properties through Sol immobilisation: Applications for the Hydrogenation of Nitrophenols Scott M. Rogers , C. Richard A. Catlow , Diego Gianolio , Peter Wells , Nikolaos Dimitratos Faraday Discussions DOI: 10.1039/C7FD00216E Diamond Proposal Number(s): [10306] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: The use of sol-immobilisation to prepare supported metal nanoparticles is an area of growing importance in heterogeneous catalysis; it affords greater control of nanoparticle properties compared to conventional catalytic routes e.g. impregnation. This work, and other recent studies, demonstrate how the properties of the resultant supported metal nanoparticles can be tailored by adjusting the conditions of colloidal synthesis i.e. temperature and solvent. We further demonstrate the applicability of these methods to the hydrogenation of nitrophenols using a series of tailored Pd/TiO2 catalysts, with low Pd loading 0.2 wt. %. Here, the temperature of colloidal synthesis is directly related to the mean particle diameter and the catalytic activity. Smaller Pd particles (2.2 nm, k = 0.632 min-1, TOF = 560 h-1) perform better than their larger counterparts (2.6 nm, k = 0.350 min-1, TOF = 370 h-1) for the hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol, with the catalyst containing smaller NPs found to have increased stability during recyclability studies, with high activity (> 90% conversion after 5 minutes) maintained across 5 catalytic cycles.	Mar 2018
B18-Core EXAFS	Structural behaviour of copper chloride catalysts during the chlorination of CO to phosgene Shaoliang Guan , Philip R. Davies , Emma K. Gibson , David Lennon , Giovanni E. Rossi , John M. Winfield , June Callison , Peter P. Wells , David J. Willock Faraday Discussions DOI: 10.1039/C8FD00005K Diamond Proposal Number(s): [10306] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: The interaction of CO with an attapulgite-supported Cu(II)Cl2 catalyst has been examined in a micro-reactor arrangement. CO exposure to the dried, as-received catalyst at elevated temperatures leads to the formation of CO2 as the only identifiable product. However, phosgene production can be induced by a catalyst pre-treatment where the supported Cu(II)Cl2 sample is exposed to a diluted stream of chlorine. Subsequent CO exposure at  370C then leads to phosgene production. In order to investigate the origins of this atypical set of reaction characteristics, a series of x-ray absorption experiments were performed that were supplemented by DFT calculations. XANES measurements establish that at the elevated temperatures connected with phosgene formation, the catalyst is comprised of Cu+ and a small amount of Cu2+. Moreover, the data show that unique to the chlorine pre-treated sample, CO exposure at elevated temperature results in a short-lived oxidation of the copper. On the basis of calculated CO adsorption energies, DFT calculations indicate that a mixed Cu+/Cu2+ catalyst is required to support CO chemisorption.	Feb 2018
B22-Multimode InfraRed imaging And Microspectroscopy	Chemotherapeutic Response to Cisplatin-like Drugs in Human Breast Cancer Cells Probed by Vibrational Microspectroscopy Ana L. M. Batista De Carvalho , Mike Pilling , Peter Gardner , James Doherty , Gianfelice Cinque , Katia Wehbe , Chris Kelley , Luis Batista De Carvalho , Maria Paula M Marques Faraday Discussions 187, 273 – 298 DOI: 10.1039/C5FD00148J Diamond Proposal Number(s): [10065] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Studies of drug-cell interactions in cancer model systems are essential in the preclinical stage of rational drug design, which relies on a thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying cytotoxic activiy and biological effects, at a molecular level. This study aimed at applying complementary vibrational spectroscopy methods to evaluate the cellular impact of two Pt(II) and Pd(II) dinuclear chelates with spermine (Pt2Spm and Pd2Spm), using cisplatin (cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2) as a reference compound. Their effects on cellular metabolism were monitored in a human triple-negative metastatic breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) by Raman and synchrotron-radiation infrared microspectroscopies, for different drug concentrations (2-8 μM) at 48 h exposure. Multivariate data analysis was applied (unsupervised PCA), unveiling drug- and concentration-dependent effects: apart from discrimination between control and drug-treated cells, a clear separation was obtained for the different agents studied – mononuclear vs polynuclear, and Pt(II) vs Pd(II). Spectral biomarkers of drug action were identified, as well as the cellular response to the chemotherapeutic insult. The main effect of the tested compounds was found to be on DNA, lipids and proteins, the Pd(II) agent having a more significant impact on proteins while its Pt(II) homologue affected the cellular lipid content at lower concentrations, which suggests the occurrence of distinct and unconventional pathways of cytotoxicity for these dinuclear polyamine complexes. Raman and FTIR microspectroscopies were confirmed as powerful non-invasive techniques to obtain unique spectral signatures of biochemical impact and physiological reaction of cells to anticancer agents.	Jan 2016
I11-High Resolution Powder Diffraction	Ammonia decomposition catalysis using lithium-calcium imide Joshua William Makepeace , Hazel M. A Hunter , Thomas J Wood , Ronald I Smith , Claire A. Murray , William I. F. David Faraday Discussions DOI: 10.1039/C5FD00179J Diamond Proposal Number(s): [11298] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Lithium-calcium imide is explored as a catalyst for the decomposition of ammonia. It shows the highest ammonia decomposition activity yet reported for a pure light metal amide or imide, comparable to lithium imide-amide at high temperature, with superior conversion observed at lower temperatures. Importantly, the mass recovery of lithium-calcium imide is almost complete, indicating that it may be easier to contain than the other amide-imide catalysts reported to date. The basis of this improved recovery is that the catalyst is, at least, partially solid across the temperature range studied under ammonia flow. However, lithium-calcium imide itself is only stable at low and high temperatures under ammonia, with in-situ powder diffraction showing the decomposition of the catalyst to lithium amide-imide and calcium imide at intermediate temperatures of 200–460 °C.	Dec 2015
B22-Multimode InfraRed imaging And Microspectroscopy Theoretical Physics	InfraRed Imaging of Small Molecules in Living Cells: from In Vitro Metabolic Analysis to Cytopathology Luca Quaroni , Theodora Zlateva , Katia Wehbe , Gianfelice Cinque Faraday Discussions 187, 259 - 271 DOI: 10.1039/C5FD00156K Diamond Proposal Number(s): [12221] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: A major topic in InfraRed (IR) spectroscopic studies of living cells is the complexity of the vibrational spectra, involving hundreds of overlapping absorption bands from all the cellular components present at detectable concentrations. We focus on to the relative contribution of both small-molecule metabolites and macromolecules, while defining the spectroscopic properties of cells and tissue in the middle IR (midIR) region. As a consequence, we show the limitations of current interpretative schemes that rely on a small number of macromolecules for IR band assignment. The discussion is framed specifically around the glycolytic metabolism of cancer cells because of the potential pharmacological applications. Several metabolites involved in glycolysis by A549 lung cancer cells can be identified by this approach, which we refer to as Correlated Cellular Spectro-Microscopy (CSM). It is noteworthy that the rate of formation or consumption of specific molecules could be quantitatively assessed by this approach. We then extend this analysis to the two-dimensional case by performing IR imaging on single cells and cell clusters, detecting variations of metabolite concentration in time and space across the sample. The molecular detail obtained from this analysis allows its use in evaluating the pharmacological effect of inhibitors of glycolytic enzymes with potential consequences for in vitro drug testing. Finally we highlight the implications of the spectral contribution from cellular metabolites on applications in IR spectral cytopathology (SCP).	Dec 2015
B18-Core EXAFS	FDCATAL16 Design and Stabilisation of a High Area Iron Molybdate Surface for the Selective Oxidation of Methanol to Formaldehyde Stephanie Chapman , Catherine Brookes , Michael Bowker , Emma Gibson , Peter Wells Faraday Discussions DOI: 10.1039/C5FD00153F Diamond Proposal Number(s): [10306] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: The performance of Mo-enriched, bulk ferric molybdate, employed commercially for the industrially important reaction of the selective oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde, is limited by a low surface area, typically 5-8 m2g-1. Recent advances in the understanding of the iron molybdate catalyst has focussed on the study of MoOx@Fe2O3 (MoOx shell, Fe2O3 core) systems where only a few overlayers of Mo are present on the surface. This method of preparing MoOx@Fe2O3 catalysts was shown to support an iron molybdate surface of higher surface area than the industrially-favoured bulk phase. In this research, a MoOx@Fe2O3 catalyst of even higher surface area was stabilised by modifying a haematite support containing 5 wt. % Al dopant. The addition of Al was an important factor for stabilising haematite surface area and resulted in an iron molybdate surface area of ~ 35 m2g-1, around a 5 fold increase on the bulk catalyst. XPS confirmed Mo surface-enrichment, whilst Mo XANES resolved an amorphous MoOx surface monolayer supported on a sublayer of Fe2(MoO4)3 that became increasingly extensive with initial Mo surface loading. The high surface area the MoOx@Fe2O3 catalyst proved amenable to bulk characterisation techniques; contributions from Fe2(MoO4)3 were detectable by Raman, XAFS, ATR-IR and XRD. Temperature-programmed pulsed flow reaction of methanol showed this novel, high surface area catalyst (3ML-HSA), outperformed the undoped analogue (3ML-ISA), and a peak yield of 94 % formaldehyde was obtained at ~40 °C below the bulk Fe2(MoO4)3 phase. This work demonstrates how core-shell, multi-component oxides offer new routes to improving catalytic performance and understanding catalytic activity.	Dec 2015

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