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Instruments / Technical Area	Publication Details	Published
B18-Core EXAFS	Micronutrient availability in Precambrian oceans controlled by greenalite formation Rosalie Tostevin , Imad Ahmed Nature Geoscience 356 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-023-01294-0 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [15859] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Metabolisms that evolved in the Archaean era (4.0–2.5 billion years ago) preferentially selected iron, manganese and molybdenum to form metalloproteins, whereas the majority of zinc-, copper- and vanadium-binding proteins emerged much later. The initial preference for these elements is commonly interpreted to reflect their availability in anoxic seawater, with free sulfide proposed as a key influence. While sulfidic waters reduce the availability of zinc and copper, they also remove molybdenum and leave behind vanadium. Furthermore, current geochemical data reflect predominantly ferruginous (Fe2+-rich), rather than sulfidic, conditions. Consistent with this, recent sedimentological work has uncovered abundant iron silicate minerals in Archaean rocks. Here we quantify metal partitioning during the formation and subsequent diagenesis of an Fe(II) silicate mineral, a precursor to crystalline greenalite, in both seawater and hot hydrothermal fluids. Our data show that Fe(II) silicates could have precipitated rapidly in Archaean hydrothermal plumes, severely attenuating hydrothermal delivery of key nutrients, in particular copper, zinc and vanadium. These results provide a mechanistic explanation for metal availability patterns in Archaean oceans that is consistent with temporal patterns of metal utilization predicted from protein structures and comparative genomics. Further, our data suggest natural greenalite may provide an archive of metal availability in deep time.	Nov 2023
I12-JEEP: Joint Engineering, Environmental and Processing	Magma fragmentation in highly explosive basaltic eruptions induced by rapid crystallization Fabio Arzilli , Giuseppe La Spina , Mike R. Burton , Margherita Polacci , Nolwenn Le Gall , Margaret E. Hartley , Danilo Di Genova , Biao Cai , Nghia T. Vo , Emily C. Bamber , Sara Nonni , Robert Atwood , Edward W. Llewellin , Richard A. Brooker , Heidy M. Mader , Peter D. Lee Nature Geoscience 397 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-019-0468-6 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [16188] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Basaltic eruptions are the most common form of volcanism on Earth and planetary bodies. The low viscosity of basaltic magmas inhibits fragmentation, which favours effusive and lava-fountaining activity, yet highly explosive, hazardous basaltic eruptions occur. The processes that promote fragmentation of basaltic magma remain unclear and are subject to debate. Here we used a numerical conduit model to show that a rapid magma ascent during explosive eruptions produces a large undercooling. In situ experiments revealed that undercooling drives exceptionally rapid (in minutes) crystallization, which induces a step change in viscosity that triggers magma fragmentation. The experimentally produced textures are consistent with basaltic Plinian eruption products. We applied a numerical model to investigate basaltic magma fragmentation over a wide parameter space and found that all basaltic volcanoes have the potential to produce highly explosive eruptions. The critical requirements are initial magma temperatures lower than 1,100 °C to reach a syn-eruptive crystal content of over 30 vol%, and thus a magma viscosity around 105 Pa s, which our results suggest is the minimum viscosity required for the fragmentation of fast ascending basaltic magmas. These temperature, crystal content and viscosity requirements reveal how typically effusive basaltic volcanoes can produce unexpected highly explosive and hazardous eruptions.	Oct 2019
I15-Extreme Conditions	Strong inheritance of texture between perovskite and post-perovskite in the D'' layer David P. Dobson , Nobuyosihi Miyajima , Fabrizio Nestola , Matteo Alvaro , Nicola Casati , Christian Liebske , Ian G. Wood , Andrew M. Walker Nature Geoscience 6 (7), 575 - 578 DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1844 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [7616] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: About 200 km above the core-mantle boundary, the D '' seismic discontinuity marks the depth where magnesium silicate perovskite-the main mantle mineral-is transformed into its high-pressure phase of post-perovskite(1,2). Observations of seismic anisotropy within the D '' region are inferred to arise fromtextures within post-perovskite(3-5) that are created by flow in the deep mantle. Specifically, mantle flowis thought to cause post-perovskite to deform, creating a lattice-preferred orientation within the post-perovskite(6-10). However, it is difficult to explain all of the observed patterns of seismic anisotropy in the D '' region from this deformation mechanism alone. Here we use a low-pressure fluoride analogue system(11) to study the transformation from perovskite to post-perovskite in laboratory experiments. We find that post-perovskite can inherit texture from the perovskite phase. If a similar transformation mechanism operates in the Earth, post-perovskite will inherit textures from deformed perovskite and vice versa, as lowermantle material passes into and out of the D '' region. We find that this textural inheritance, combined with lattice-preferred orientation in post-perovskite, can explain the observed patterns of anisotropy in the lowermost mantle.	Jun 2013

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