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Instruments / Technical Area	Publication Details	Published	Actions
	X-ray magnetic circular dichroism C. A. F. Vaz , G. Van Der Laan , S. A. Cavill , H. A. Dürr , A. Fraile Rodríguez , F. Kronast , W. Kuch , P. Sainctavit , G. Schütz , E. Weschke , F. Wilhelm , H. Wende Nature Reviews Methods Primers 5 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-025-00397-9 Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) is the difference in X-ray absorption between left and right circularly polarized light in magnetic materials. It is the X-ray counterpart of the magneto-optic effect for visible light but shows a magnetic contrast up to three orders of magnitude higher. The exploration of XMCD using high-flux, monochromatic and polarization-variable synchrotron sources has advanced the understanding of magnetism and magnetic materials, in particular, when combined with spectral analysis based on powerful sum rules that enable the quantification of spin and orbital moments with elemental, even chemical, selectivity and high sensitivity. As an essential cornerstone of techniques to probe magnetic nanostructures and spin textures as well as their dynamics, XMCD has become an indispensable tool for the study of magnetism at the nanoscale and atomic scale. This Primer provides an overview of the principles and physics underlying XMCD, the experimental techniques used to measure it and its application to the study and understanding of fundamental and technologically relevant magnetic phenomena.	May 2025
	X-ray absorption spectroscopy Christopher T. Chantler , Grant Bunker , Paola D'Angelo , Sofia Diaz-Moreno Nature Reviews Methods Primers 4 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-024-00366-8 Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is an established experimental technique for studying the electronic and local geometric structures of materials. As a short-range order structural probe, it can be applied to all states of matter: crystalline or amorphous solids, liquids and gases. The method is element selective and highly sensitive, with little compromise required to integrate complex sample environment set-ups. These characteristics make the technique suitable for applications in a range of scientific disciplines, from chemistry and catalysis to environmental science, materials science, physics, biology, medicine and cultural heritage. An XAS spectrum is obtained by measuring the modulation of the sample absorption coefficient as a function of the incident X-ray beam energy. Data are usually collected in transmission detection mode, although fluorescence and electron yield detection modes are often used. The XAS spectrum is divided into two regimes: X-ray absorption near-edge structure and extended X-ray absorption fine structure. In this Primer, an overview of XAS fundamentals is given, together with a description of the experimental set-ups, sample requirements, data analysis and possible applications.	Dec 2024
	Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering Frank M. F. De Groot , Maurits W. Haverkort , Hebatalla Elnaggar , Amélie Juhin , Ke-Jin Zhou , Pieter Glatzel Nature Reviews Methods Primers 4 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-024-00322-6 Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) is a powerful technique that combines spectroscopy and inelastic scattering to probe the electronic structure of materials. RIXS is based on the interaction of X-rays with matter in which the dependence on energy, momentum and polarization is introduced. The RIXS spectra can be approximated as a combination of X-ray absorption and X-ray emission. A 2D RIXS plane can be measured as a function of excitation and emission energies. Using RIXS, collective excitations — such as magnons, phonons, plasmons and orbitons — can be probed in quantum materials, for example, cuprates, nickelates and iridates, with complex low-energy physics and exotic phenomena in energy and momentum space. In addition, RIXS with hard X-rays enables detailed experiments under operando conditions. Spectral broadening owing to short core hole lifetime can be reduced to produce X-ray absorption spectra with high resolution. This Primer gives an overview of RIXS experimentation, data analysis and applications, finishing with a look to the future, where new experimental stations at X-ray free electron lasers promise to revolutionize the understanding of femtosecond processes and non-linear interactions of X-rays with matter.	Jul 2024

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