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Instruments / Technical Area	Publication Details	Published
B16-Test Beamline Optics	Fast shaping control of X ray beams using a closed-loop adaptive bimorph deformable mirror Simon G. Alcock , Ioana-Theodora Nistea , Vivek G. Badami , Riccardo Signorato , Matteo Fusco , Lingfei Hu , Hongchang Wang , Kawal Sawhney Optica 10 DOI: 10.1364/OPTICA.476449 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: High-speed adaptive correction of optics, based on real-time metrology feedback, has benefitted numerous scientific communities for several decades. However, it remains a major technological challenge to extend this concept into the hard x ray regime due to the necessity for active mirrors with single-digit nanometer height errors relative to a range of aspheric forms. We have developed a high-resolution, real-time, closed-loop “adaptive” optical system for synchrotron and x ray free electron laser (XFEL) applications. After calibration of the wavefront using x ray speckle scanning, the wavefront diagnostic was removed from the x ray beam path. Non-invasive control of the size and shape of the reflected x ray beam was then demonstrated by driving a piezoelectric deformable bimorph mirror at ∼1Hz . Continuous feedback was provided by a 20 kHz direct measurement of the optical surface with picometer sensitivity using an array of interferometric sensors. This enabled a non-specialist operator to reproduce a series of pre-defined x ray wavefronts, including focused or non-Gaussian profiles, such as flattop intensity or multiple split peaks with controllable separation and relative amplitude. Such changes can be applied in any order and in rapid succession without the need for invasive wavefront diagnostic sensors that block the x ray beam for scientific usage. These innovations have the potential to profoundly change how x ray focusing elements are utilized at synchrotron radiation and XFEL sources and provide unprecedented dynamic control of photon beams to aid scientific discoveries in a wide range of disciplines.	Jan 2023
B24-Cryo Soft X-ray Tomography	CryoSIM: super-resolution 3D structured illumination cryogenic fluorescence microscopy for correlated ultrastructural imaging Michael A. Phillips , Maria Harkiolaki , David Miguel Susano Pinto , Richard M. Parton , Ana Palanca , Manuel Garcia-Moreno , Ilias Kounatidis , John W. Sedat , David I. Stuart , Alfredo Castello , Martin J. Booth , Ilan Davis , Ian Dobbie Optica 7 DOI: 10.1364/OPTICA.393203 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [18319, 18757] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Rapid cryopreservation of biological specimens is the gold standard for visualizing cellular structures in their true structural context. However, current commercial cryo-fluorescence microscopes are limited to low resolutions. To fill this gap, we have developed cryoSIM, a microscope for 3D super-resolution fluorescence cryo-imaging for correlation with cryo-electron microscopy or cryo-soft X-ray tomography. We provide the full instructions for replicating the instrument mostly from off-the-shelf components and accessible, user-friendly, open-source Python control software. Therefore, cryoSIM democratizes the ability to detect molecules using super-resolution fluorescence imaging of cryopreserved specimens for correlation with their cellular ultrastructure.	Jul 2020
B16-Test Beamline Optics	Adaptable refractive correctors for X-ray optics David Laundy , Vishal Dhamgaye , Thomas Moxham , Kawal Sawhney Optica 6 DOI: 10.1364/OPTICA.6.001484 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Advances in x-radiation sources put greater demands on x-ray optics. Fabrication errors in optical elements lead to deformation of the radiation wavefront, which prevents diffraction-limited imaging of the source. A new adaptable x-ray phase compensator using refracting elements has been developed, fabricated, and tested. The compensator makes a sinusoidal correction to the x-ray wavefront with variable amplitude, period, and phase. The adaptable compensator was used to correct two planar compound refractive lenses and a Kirkpatrick–Baez mirror system on an x-ray beamline. Wavefront measurements showed a reduction in the rms wavefront error by a factor of seven for the lenses and three for the mirror system, reducing rms wavefront errors down to of order 𝜆/100 λ/100 . This concept could be used with optics on existing x-ray beamlines to enable diffraction-limited focusing.	Dec 2019

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