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Instruments / Technical Area	Publication Details	Published
E01-JEM ARM 200CF E02-JEM ARM 300CF	Mineralogy and petrology of fine‐grained samples recovered from the asteroid (162173) Ryugu Takaaki Noguchi , Toru Matsumoto , Akira Miyake , Yohei Igami , Mitsutaka Haruta , Hikaru Saito , Satoshi Hata , Yusuke Seto , Masaaki Miyahara , Naotaka Tomioka , Hope A. Ishii , John P. Bradley , Kenta K. Ohtaki , Elena Dobrică , Hugues Leroux , Corentin Le Guillou , Damien Jacob , Francisco De La Peña , Sylvain Laforet , Bahae-Eddine Mouloud , Maya Marinova , Falko Langenhorst , Dennis Harries , Pierre Beck , Thi H. V. Phan , Rolando Rebois , Neyda M. Abreu , Jennifer Gray , Thomas Zega , Pierre-M. Zanetta , Michelle S. Thompson , Rhonda Stroud , Kate Burgess , Brittany A. Cymes , John C. Bridges , Leon Hicks , Martin R. Lee , Luke Daly , Phil A. Bland , William A. Smith , Sam Mcfadzean , Pierre-Etienne Martin , Paul A. J. Bagot , Dennis Fougerouse , David W. Saxey , Steven Reddy , William D. A. Rickard , Michael E. Zolensky , David R. Frank , James Martinez , Akira Tsuchiyama , Masahiro Yasutake , Junya Matsuno , Shota Okumura , Itaru Mitsukawa , Kentaro Uesugi , Masayuki Uesugi , Akihisa Takeuchi , Mingqi Sun , Satomi Enju , Aki Takigawa , Tatsuhiro Michikami , Tomoki Nakamura , Megumi Matsumoto , Yusuke Nakauchi , Masanao Abe , Satoru Nakazawa , Tatsuaki Okada , Takanao Saiki , Satoshi Tanaka , Fuyuto Terui , Makoto Yoshikawa , Akiko Miyazaki , Aiko Nakato , Masahiro Nishimura , Tomohiro Usui , Toru Yada , Hisayoshi Yurimoto , Kazuhide Nagashima , Noriyuki Kawasaki , Naoya Sakamotoa , Peter Hoppe , Ryuji Okazaki , Hikaru Yabuta , Hiroshi Naraoka , Kanako Sakamoto , Shogo Tachibana , Sei‐ichiro Watanabe , Yuichi Tsuda Meteoritics & Planetary Science 33 DOI: 10.1111/maps.14093 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [31953, 30752] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Samples returned from the carbonaceous asteroid (162173) Ryugu by the Hayabusa2 mission revealed that Ryugu is composed of materials consistent with CI chondrites and some types of space weathering. We report detailed mineralogy of the fine-grained Ryugu samples allocated to our “Sand” team and report additional space weathering features found on the grains. The dominant mineralogy is composed of a fine-grained mixture of Mg-rich saponite and serpentine, magnetite, pyrrhotite, pentlandite, dolomite, and Fe-bearing magnesite. These grains have mineralogy comparable to that of CI chondrites, showing severe aqueous alteration but lacking ferrihydrite and sulfate. These results are similar to previous works on large Ryugu grains. In addition to the major minerals, we also find many minerals that are rare or have not been reported among CI chondrites. Accessory minerals identified are hydroxyapatite, Mg-Na phosphate, olivine, low-Ca pyroxene, Mg-Al spinel, chromite, manganochromite, eskolaite, ilmenite, cubanite, polydymite, transjordanite, schreibersite, calcite, moissanite, and poorly crystalline phyllosilicate. We also show scanning transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope compositional maps and images of some space-weathered grains and severely heated and melted grains. Although our mineralogical results are consistent with that of millimeter-sized grains, the fine-grained fraction is best suited to investigate impact-induced space weathering.	Nov 2023
E01-JEM ARM 200CF E02-JEM ARM 300CF I14-Hard X-ray Nanoprobe	Using XANES and EELS to analyse space weathered Apollo lunar samples: Preparation for Hayabusa2 Samples Leon Hicks , John Bridges , Takaaki Noguchi , Hiroshi Hidaka , Jack Piercy EMAG - Spectroscopy & Advanced SEM Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Introduction: Airless planetary bodies with surfaces exposed to the space environment are bombarded by electrons and protons from the solar wind and cosmic rays, as well as micrometeorites, resulting in space weathering [1]. Features of space weathering include partially amorphised grain surface rims, measuring up to ~100 nm thick, containing nanophase Fe metal (npFe0) particles, vesicular blistering, and solar flare tracks [1,2]. Space weathered samples collected by the JAXA Hayabusa spacecraft from asteroid Itokawa have previously been analysed using the I14 X-ray nanoprobe beamline at Diamond Light Source synchrotron, measuring Fe-K X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES), and revealing an increased ferric-ferrous ratio (Fe3+/ΣFe) relative to their respective host grain mineralogy [3]. In this study, we seek to better understand the formation of space weathered lunar surface soil samples collected during the Apollo 17 mission, investigating the Fe-redox variations observed in the dominant silicate phase and the nano-grains of the space weathered rims using Fe-K XANES and EELS, with high-resolution STEM imaging. Methods/Materials: The lunar sample number is 78481,29 - a surface sample collected from the top 1 cm of trench soils at Station 8 of Apollo 17 [4]. Three FIB lift-out sections have been extracted successfully from lunar grains identified to have space weathered surfaces. Two of the lunar grains were augite pyroxene, En81Fs16 and En85Fs12, and one olivine, Fa39. Using the I14 X-ray Nanoprobe Beamline at Diamond, Fe-Kα XAS spectra are obtained from a series of XRF maps over the samples, with energies typically in the range 7000-7300 eV, with a higher energy resolution range over the XANES features (~7100-7150 eV). The XANES maps are processed using Mantis 2.3.02 [5], and isolated spectra normalized in Athena 0.8.056 [6]. By observing increasing shifts in the 1s→3d transition pre- absorption-edge peak centroid energy positions, the Fe-redox variations can be estimated between the sample host mineralogy and the space weathered zone, when compared to reference minerals of known ferric-ferrous ratio (Fe3+/ΣFe). A JEOL ARM200CF and JEOL JEM-ARM300CF instrument was used for EELS analyses and high-resolution STEM imaging respectively, at ePSIC in Diamond. EELS are performed using an accelerating voltage of 200 keV, current 15 μA, and 0.25eV/ch with a 5 mm EELS aperture, measuring linescans from the host to the space weathered zones to provide verification of the Fe-redox variation by observing the shifts in the Fe-Lα peaks. Results: HR-STEM imaging confirmed the expected partial amorphisation and npFe0 particles (Fe0 metal confirmed observing lattice fringe spacings of ~2.06 Å) in the space weathered zones of all three lunar samples. XANES mapping was able to identify the space weathered zone separate from the host grain mineralogy, and analyses of the XANES spectra from each revealed a consistent positive shift in the 1s→3d pre-edge centroid energy positions for the space weathered zone when compared to the host. Increases of up to ~0.23 eV in the space weathered (SW) zone, compared to the substrate host mineralogy of augite or olivine, suggests an increase in ferric content in the space weathered zones up to ΔFe3+/ΣFe ~0.14 ±0.03. Positive shifts in the absorption edge positions for SW zones also support these results. A total of 18 EELS linescans measured, at various locations along the space weathered rims in all three lunar samples, also shows a consistent increased shift in the Fe-L peak energy position. A positive shift in the EELS Fe-L peak position is indicative of increased ferric content, as shown by reference minerals measured including Fe-rich olivine (Fe3+/ΣFe = 0.00) and magnetite (Fe3+/ΣFe = 0.67) with average EELS Fe-L peak positions of ~712.1 eV and ~713.6 eV respectively.	Jul 2021
E01-JEM ARM 200CF E02-JEM ARM 300CF I14-Hard X-ray Nanoprobe I18-Microfocus Spectroscopy	Correlated multi-technique characterisation of sulfur-bearing serpentine in carbonaceous chondrites Niamh Topping , John C. Bridges , Leon J. Hicks , Takaaki Noguchi EGU General Assembly 2023 (EGU23) DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-egu23-6355 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Phyllosilicate minerals in the carbonaceous chondrites provide insights into processes in primitive parent bodies of the early Solar System. It is widely agreed that the CM- and CI-type carbonaceous chondrites underwent aqueous alteration on their parent bodies, resulting in phyllosilicate-rich matrices, where the dominant mineral phase is serpentine. There are many previous studies investigating phyllosilicate structure in carbonaceous chondrites, however, the presence of sulfur in these minerals and its effect on crystal lattice structure has not been studied in detail. We are investigating how the presence of sulfur (up to ≃9-10 wt% SO3) in serpentine phyllosilicate regions effects basal lattice spacing measurements of serpentine-like minerals in CM- and CI-type chondritic and related asteroidal material. Four specimens are being studied for this work: Winchcombe and Aguas Zarcas (CM-type), and Ryugu samples (A0058-C2001-08, A0104-00200502 and A0104-01700602) from Hayabusa2 and Ivuna (CI-type). All samples are TEM wafers. We have used a multi-technique approach to study the samples, with the E01 JEOL ARM200CF and E02 JEOL ARM300CF electron microscopes at the ePSIC facility at Diamond Light Source in Harwell, UK. EDS compositional data has been collected using the E01 microscope, whilst HRTEM and HAADF imaging data has been collected at E02. At E02 we are also applying a new 4D-STEM nano-diffraction technique in order to collect lattice spacing data to correlate with our other HRTEM results. Fe-K XANES analyses on Winchcombe and Ryugu have been carried out using the I18 microprobe and I14 hard x-ray nanoprobe respectively, also at Diamond Light Source, to constrain Fe3+/ΣFe. By combining these techniques we aim to better understand the physical and chemical structure of serpentine-like minerals in carbonaceous chondrites. Initial analyses have shown that sulfur presence in carbonaceous chondrite phyllosilicates reduces the basal lattice spacings of serpentine-like minerals. In these sulfur-bearing regions, we have been finding lattice spacings in the range ~0.60-0.74nm for the CM-type chondrites. For the CI-type, these range between ~0.65-0.76nm. Differences in the reduced lattice spacing ranges are likely related to the redox state of the sulfur. In Ryugu and other carbonaceous chondrites the sulfur appears reduced; its content in serpentine is low and we see FeS grains. Comparatively, in Winchcombe (and others) more of the sulfur seems to be in the serpentine structure. We can conclude that in serpentine-like minerals, the presence of sulfur appears to reduce basal lattice spacing values compared to the expected d-spacing value of 0.70nm for serpentine. Possible reasons for this include further investigations into the valency of the sulfur ions, the bonding environment within serpentine layers, and the location of sulfur in either the octa- or tetrahedral lattice sites.	Feb 2023
E02-JEM ARM 300CF I14-Hard X-ray Nanoprobe	Fe-K XANES and HR-TEM analyses of Apollo lunar grain space weathered surfaces Leon Hicks , John Bridges , Takaaki Noguchi , Jack Piercy 14th Europlanet Science Congress 2020 DOI: 10.5194/epsc2020-715 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Space weathering due to the bombardment of electrons and solar wind upon the exposed lunar surface shows as an apparent spectral darkening and reddening in ground-based and lunar-orbital observations. Space weathered rims have been observed on soil surface samples, returned by the Apollo landings, featuring amorphized material and nanophase Fe metal (npFe⁰) particles formed due to the implantation of solar wind H⁺ ions reducing the host grain mineral oxides to form metal. Oxidation of these Fe particles has also been shown, and a suggested correlation between oxidation and lunar soil maturity.In this study, we investigate Fe-redox changes in the space weathered rims of Apollo 17 lunar surface soil samples, using TEM and X-ray nanoprobe Fe-K XANES.	Sep 2020
I14-Hard X-ray Nanoprobe	A dehydrated space-weathered skin cloaking the hydrated interior of Ryugu Takaaki Noguchi , Toru Matsumoto , Akira Miyake , Yohei Igami , Mitsutaka Haruta , Hikaru Saito , Satoshi Hata , Yusuke Seto , Masaaki Miyahara , Naotaka Tomioka , Hope A. Ishii , John P. Bradley , Kenta K. Ohtaki , Elena Dobrică , Hugues Leroux , Corentin Le Guillou , Damien Jacob , Francisco De La Peña , Sylvain Laforet , Maya Marinova , Falko Langenhorst , Dennis Harries , Pierre Beck , Thi H. V. Phan , Rolando Rebois , Neyda M. Abreu , Jennifer Gray , Thomas Zega , Pierre-M. Zanetta , Michelle S. Thompson , Rhonda Stroud , Kate Burgess , Brittany A. Cymes , John C. Bridges , Leon Hicks , Martin R. Lee , Luke Daly , Phil A. Bland , Michael E. Zolensky , David R. Frank , James Martinez , Akira Tsuchiyama , Masahiro Yasutake , Junya Matsuno , Shota Okumura , Itaru Mitsukawa , Kentaro Uesugi , Masayuki Uesugi , Akihisa Takeuchi , Mingqi Sun , Satomi Enju , Aki Takigawa , Tatsuhiro Michikami , Tomoki Nakamura , Megumi Matsumoto , Yusuke Nakauchi , Masanao Abe , Masahiko Arakawa , Atsushi Fujii , Masahiko Hayakawa , Naru Hirata , Naoyuki Hirata , Rie Honda , Chikatoshi Honda , Satoshi Hosoda , Yu-Ichi Iijima , Hitoshi Ikeda , Masateru Ishiguro , Yoshiaki Ishihara , Takahiro Iwata , Kousuke Kawahara , Shota Kikuchi , Kohei Kitazato , Koji Matsumoto , Moe Matsuoka , Yuya Mimasu , Akira Miura , Tomokatsu Morota , Satoru Nakazawa , Noriyuki Namiki , Hirotomo Noda , Rina Noguchi , Naoko Ogawa , Kazunori Ogawa , Tatsuaki Okada , Chisato Okamoto , Go Ono , Masanobu Ozaki , Takanao Saiki , Naoya Sakatani , Hirotaka Sawada , Hiroki Senshu , Yuri Shimaki , Kei Shirai , Seiji Sugita , Yuto Takei , Hiroshi Takeuchi , Satoshi Tanaka , Eri Tatsumi , Fuyuto Terui , Ryudo Tsukizaki , Koji Wada , Manabu Yamada , Tetsuya Yamada , Yukio Yamamoto , Hajime Yano , Yasuhiro Yokota , Keisuke Yoshihara , Makoto Yoshikawa , Kent Yoshikawa , Ryohta Fukai , Shizuho Furuya , Kentaro Hatakeda , Tasuku Hayashi , Yuya Hitomi , Kazuya Kumagai , Akiko Miyazaki , Aiko Nakato , Masahiro Nishimura , Hiromichi Soejima , Ayako I. Suzuki , Tomohiro Usui , Toru Yada , Daiki Yamamoto , Kasumi Yogata , Miwa Yoshitake , Harold C. Connolly , Dante S. Lauretta , Hisayoshi Yurimoto , Kazuhide Nagashima , Noriyuki Kawasaki , Naoya Sakamoto , Ryuji Okazaki , Hikaru Yabuta , Hiroshi Naraoka , Kanako Sakamoto , Shogo Tachibana , Sei-Ichiro Watanabe , Yuichi Tsuda Nature Astronomy 121 DOI: 10.1038/s41550-022-01841-6 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Without a protective atmosphere, space-exposed surfaces of airless Solar System bodies gradually experience an alteration in composition, structure and optical properties through a collective process called space weathering. The return of samples from near-Earth asteroid (162173) Ryugu by Hayabusa2 provides the first opportunity for laboratory study of space-weathering signatures on the most abundant type of inner solar system body: a C-type asteroid, composed of materials largely unchanged since the formation of the Solar System. Weathered Ryugu grains show areas of surface amorphization and partial melting of phyllosilicates, in which reduction from Fe3+ to Fe2+ and dehydration developed. Space weathering probably contributed to dehydration by dehydroxylation of Ryugu surface phyllosilicates that had already lost interlayer water molecules and to weakening of the 2.7 µm hydroxyl (–OH) band in reflectance spectra. For C-type asteroids in general, this indicates that a weak 2.7 µm band can signify space-weathering-induced surface dehydration, rather than bulk volatile loss.	Dec 2022
I18-Microfocus Spectroscopy	Comparing asteroid Itokawa samples to the Tuxtuac LL5 chondrite with X-ray absorption spectroscopy Takaaki Noguchi , Leon Hicks , John Bridges , Steve Gurman , M Kimura 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: The grains of Itokawa returned by the JAXA Hayabusa mission in 2010 showed mineralogical and isotopic affinities to LL5-6 chondrites [1,2,3]. If so, the redox state experienced by the grains in their parent body should be almost identical to that in LL5-6 chondrites. We measured the relative abundance of Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions in ferromagnesian silicates, which reflects the redox states, in grains from Itokawa and an LL chondrite. X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) are an X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) spectroscopic technique which we use to compare Itokawa to chondrite meteorite samples.	Feb 2013
I18-Microfocus Spectroscopy	Mineralogy of four Itokawa particles collected from the first touchdown site Takaaki Noguchi , John Bridges , Leon Hicks , Steve Gurman , Makoto Kimura , Takahito Hashimoto , Mitsuru Konno , John P. Bradley , Ryuji Okazaki , Masayuki Uesugi , Toru Yada , Yuzuru Karouji , Masanao Abe , Tatsuaki Okada , Takuya Mitsunari , Tomoki Nakamura , Hiroyuki Kagi Earth, Planets And Space 66, 19608-19617 DOI: 10.1186/1880-5981-66-124 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [8307] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Four Itokawa particles collected from the first touchdown site were mineralogically investigated by optical microscopy, micro-Raman (mu-Raman) spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron microprobe analysis (EPMA), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Their mineralogy has an affinity to that of LL6 chondrites based on micro-Raman spectroscopy, EPMA, and XAS analyses. However, the space weathering rims on them are less developed than those observed on the Itokawa particles collected from the second touchdown site. Solar flare tracks are rarely observed in the four particles, whose number densities were lower than those observed in the Itokawa particles from the second touchdown site.	Oct 2014

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