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14,306 items found (0 items not approved), displaying 71 to 80.[First/Prev] 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 [Next/Last]

Instruments / Technical Area	Publication Details	Published	Actions
	Fibrillisation of hydrophobically modified amyloid peptide fragments in an organic solvent M. J. Krysmann , V. Castelletto , I. W. Hamley Soft Matter 3 (11), 1401 - 1406 DOI: 10.1039/b709889h Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: The self-assembly of a hydrophobically modified fragment of the amyloid b (Ab) peptide has been studied in methanol. The peptide FFKLVFF is based on Ab(16-20) extended at the N terminus by two phenylalanine residues. The formation of amyloid-type fibrils is confirmed by Congo Red staining, thioflavin T fluorescence and circular dichroism experiments. FTIR points to the formation of b-sheet structures in solution and in dried films and suggests that aggregation occurs at low concentration and is not strongly affected by further increase in concentration, i.e. the peptide is a strong fibril-former in methanol. UV fluorescence experiments on unstained peptide and CD point to the importance of aromatic interactions between phenylalanine groups in driving aggregation into b-sheets. The CD spectrum differs from that usually observed for b-sheet assemblies formed by larger peptides or proteins and this is discussed for solutions in methanol and also trifluoroethanol. The fibril structure is imaged by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy on dried samples and is confirmed by small-angle X-ray scattering experiments in solution.	Aug 2007
	Structure of adsorbed organometallic rhodium: model single atom catalysts R. A. Bennett , N. D. Mccavish , Mark Basham , V. R. Dhanak , M. A. Newton Physical Review Letters 98 (5) DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.056102 PMID: 17358876 Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: We have determined the structure of a complex rhodium carbonyl chloride [Rh(CO)2Cl] molecule adsorbed on the TiO2(110) surface by the normal incidence x-ray standing wave technique. The data show that the technique is applicable to reducible oxide systems and that the dominant adsorbed species is undissociated with Rh binding atop bridging oxygen and to the Cl found close to the fivefold coordinated Ti ions in the surface. A minority geminal dicarbonyl species, where Rh-Cl bond scission has occurred, is found bridging the bridging oxygen ions forming a high-symmetry site.	Feb 2007
	A method to detect retained gas during ac electrograining using in-situ small angle x-ray scattering J. A. Hammons , T. Rayment , I. Vandendael , O. Blajiev , A. Hubin , A. J. Davenport , M. Raes , H. Terryn Electrochemistry Communications DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2010.03.013 Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: AC electrochemical processes have found applications in controlled surface roughening of aluminium (AC electrograining), fine-tip sharpening for field ion microscopy (AC machining) and thin film anodising (AC anodising). The formation of a surface layer and copious amounts of hydrogen gas are inherent in these AC processes. The presence of a resistance is observed in these processes but it is the source of the resistance that is important to the understanding of ionic transport through the surface film.The AC electrograining process is chosen here, as the annual worldwide production of aluminium plate for high quality lithographic printing and for energy storage super-capacitors is in excess of 800 km(2). In this study, a method to detect gas in the surface layer (smut) in-situ with Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) is proposed. The total scattering from the in-situ SAXS is used with knowledge of the total volume of smut to explain how a gas fraction can be determined by comparing two samples. Results suggest that a gas fraction can be retained in smut during AC electrograining, the degree to which varies with smut properties. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Mar 2010
	Chirality, magnetic charge and other strange entities in resonant x-ray Bragg diffraction Stephen Lovesey , Valerio Scagnoli Journal Of Physics: Condensed Matter 21 (47) DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/47/474214 PMID: 21832493 Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Subtleties in the electronic structure of complex materials can be directly observed, in great detail, by means of the Bragg diffraction of x-rays whose energy matches an atomic resonance. Strange atomic multipoles can be encountered in the interpretation of measured Bragg intensities, e.g., chirality and magnetic charge. Additionally, the x-ray technique allows the direct observation of the enantiomorphic screw-axis in chiral crystals, such as tellurium, low quartz and berlinite.	Nov 2009
	Weathering of gilding decorations investigated by SR: Development and distribution of calcium oxalates in the case of Sant Benet de Bages (Barcelona, Spain) A. Lluveras , S. Boularand , J. Roque , M. Cottee , P. Giraldez , M. Vendrell-Saz Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing 90 (1), 23-33 DOI: 10.1007/s00339-007-4228-x Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: In this paper seventeenth century gilded paintings from the crypt of Sant Benet de Bages, a medieval monastery in the Catalonia region of Spain, near Barcelona, have been studied. Cross sections from two different gilded decorations were studied by means of optical microscopy and electron microscopy and EDS to determine the statigraphy and elemental composition, and by means of FTIR coupled to a microscope to determine the binding media associated to each layer. These preliminary results demonstrated that gilded decorations were made by the application of a gold foil on a mordant substrate on a gypsum base, while the mouldings of the vaults seem to be gilded on a bol with a glaze on top of the gold leaf. It is interesting to notice that the first remained unaltered, while the gilded vault mouldings look almost black, due to the darkening of the organic material. To elucidate the causes involved in the darkening of the sample from the vaults a set of synchrotron ìXRD and ìFTIR experiments have been carried out on these samples at the ESRF (ID18F and ID21, respectively). High brightness and small spot working conditions revealed the development and distribution of calcium oxalates in the binding media, which seem to be responsible for the darkening. Results point out the fact that weddellite (CaC2O4·2H2O) is the phase formed in those layers where organic material has also been identified or at least it would be supposed to be by bibliographic sources and not necessarily those superficial as it would have been suggested due to the similarities with patinas formation.	Aug 2007
	The regulation of protein phosphorylation Louise N. Johnson Biochemical Society Transactions 37, 627-641 DOI: 10.1042/BST0370627 PMID: 19614568 Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Phosphorylation plays essential roles in nearly every aspect of cell life. Protein kinases regulate signalling pathways and cellular processes that mediate metabolism, transcription, cell-cycle progression, differentiation, cytoskeleton arrangement and cell movement, apoptosis, intercellular communication, and neuronal and immunological functions. Protein kinases share a conserved catalytic domain, which catalyses the transfer of the ?-phosphate of ATP to a serine, threonine or tyrosine residue in protein substrates. The kinase can exist in an active or inactive state regulated by a variety of mechanisms in different kinases that include control by phosphorylation, regulation by additional domains that may target other molecules, binding and regulation by additional subunits, and control by protein–protein association. This Novartis Medal Lecture was delivered at a meeting on protein evolution celebrating the 200th anniversary of Charles Darwin's birth. I begin with a summary of current observations from protein sequences of kinase phylogeny. I then review the structural consequences of protein phosphorylation using our work on glycogen phosphorylase to illustrate one of the more dramatic consequences of phosphorylation. Regulation of protein phosphorylation is frequently disrupted in the diseased state, and protein kinases have become high-profile targets for drug development. Finally, I consider recent advances on protein kinases as drug targets and describe some of our recent work with CDK9 (cyclin-dependent kinase 9)–cyclin T, a regulator of transcription.	Aug 2009
	Structure and function of A41, a vaccinia virus chemokine binding protein Mohammad W. Bahar , Julia C. Kenyon , Mike M. Putz , Nicola G. A. Abrescia , James E. Pease , Emma L. Wise , David I. Stuart , Geoffrey L. Smith , Jonathan M. Grimes Plos Pathogens 4 (1) DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0040005 PMID: 18208323 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: The vaccinia virus (VACV) A41L gene encodes a secreted 30 kDa glycoprotein that is nonessential for virus replication but affects the host response to infection. The A41 protein shares sequence similarity with another VACV protein that binds CC chemokines (called vCKBP, or viral CC chemokine inhibitor, vCCI), and strains of VACV lacking the A41L gene induced stronger CD8þ T-cell responses than control viruses expressing A41. Using surface plasmon resonance, we screened 39 human and murine chemokines and identified CCL21, CCL25, CCL26 and CCL28 as A41 ligands, with Kds of between 8 nM and 118 nM. Nonetheless, A41 was ineffective at inhibiting chemotaxis induced by these chemokines, indicating it did not block the interaction of these chemokines with their receptors. However the interaction of A41 and chemokines was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by heparin, suggesting that A41 and heparin bind to overlapping sites on these chemokines. To better understand the mechanism of action of A41 its crystal structure was \u02da solved to 1.9 A resolution. The protein has a globular b sandwich structure similar to that of the poxvirus vCCI family of proteins, but there are notable structural differences, particularly in surface loops and electrostatic charge distribution. Structural modelling suggests that the binding paradigm as defined for the vCCI\u2013chemokine interaction is likely to be conserved between A41 and its chemokine partners. Additionally, sequence analysis of chemokines binding to A41 identified a signature for A41 binding. The biological and structural data suggest that A41 functions by forming moderately strong (nM) interactions with certain chemokines, sufficient to interfere with chemokine-glycosaminogly- can interactions at the cell surface (lM\u2013nM) and thereby to destroy the chemokine concentration gradient, but not strong enough to disrupt the (pM) chemokine-chemokine receptor interactions.	Jan 2008
	Control of the electronic phase of a manganite by mode-selective vibrational excitation Matteo Rini , Ra'Anan Tobey , Nicky Dean , Jiro Itatani , Yasuhide Tomioka , Yoshinori Tokura , Andrea Cavalleri , Robert W. Schoenlein Nature 449 (7158), 72 - 74 DOI: 10.1038/nature06119 Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Controlling a phase of matter by coherently manipulating specific vibrational modes has long been an attractive (yet elusive) goal for ultrafast science. Solids with strongly correlated electrons, in which even subtle crystallographic distortions can result in colossal changes of the electronic and magnetic properties, could be directed between competing phases by such selective vibrational excitation. In this way, the dynamics of the electronic ground state of the system become accessible, and new insight into the underlying physics might be gained. Here we report the ultrafast switching of the electronic phase of a magnetoresistive manganite via direct excitation of a phonon mode at 17-THz. A prompt, five-order-of-magnitude drop in resistivity is observed, associated with a non-equilibrium transition from the stable insulating phase to a metastable metallic phase. In contrast with light-induced1, 2, 3 and current-driven4 phase transitions, the vibrationally driven bandgap collapse observed here is not related to hot-carrier injection and is uniquely attributed to a large-amplitude Mn-O distortion. This corresponds to a perturbation of the perovskite-structure tolerance factor, which in turn controls the electronic bandwidth via inter-site orbital overlap5, 6. Phase control by coherent manipulation of selected metal-oxygen phonons should find extensive application in other complex solids-notably in copper oxide superconductors, in which the role of Cu-O vibrations on the electronic properties is currently controversial.	Sep 2007
	X-ray beams with high coherence Ian Robinson , Gerhard Gruebel , Simon Mochrie New Journal Of Physics 12 DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/12/3/035002 Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: This editorial serves as the preface to a special issue of New Journal of Physics, which collects together solicited papers on a common subject, x-ray beams with high coherence. We summarize the issue's content, and explain why there is so much current interest both in the sources themselves and in the applications to the study of the structure of matter and its fluctuations (both spontaneous and driven). As this collection demonstrates, the field brings together accelerator physics in the design of new sources, particle physics in the design of detectors, and chemical and materials scientists who make use of the coherent beams produced.	Mar 2010
	Diamond is a jewel in the crown of UK science Trevor Rayment CHEMISTRY & INDUSTRY	Jan 2010

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