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Instruments / Technical Area	Publication Details	Published
B16-Test Beamline	X-ray diffraction imaging of ZnTe crystals grown by the multi-tube physical vapour transport technique John Mullins , F. Dierre , B K Tanner Journal Of Crystal Growth 413, 61 - 66 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2014.12.007 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [9471] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: X-ray diffraction imaging (topography) has been used in monochromatic beam mode to demonstrate that 100mm diameter ZnTe crystals, several millimetres thick, and grown by the multi-tube physical vapour transport technique on (001) and (211B) GaAs substrates, have very high crystal perfection. Images taken in the Bragg geometry from planes containing the growth direction show evidence of cellular dislocation structure and give strong contrast from the whole, several mm2, sample area. Rocking curves taken from small areas show only moderate broadening from that expected from a perfect crystal, indicating dislocation density of typically 3.5 x 106 cm-2 close to the seed and 3.3 x 105 cm-2 at the top of the grown crystal. At the top surface, planes parallel to the seed show biaxial concavity, a feature attributed to the ZnTe boule bowing under tensile strain generated at the substrate-crystal interface due to the mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients of GaAs and ZnTe. Crystals grown on (211B) substrates are of {331} orientation, showing no evidence of twin boundaries, suggesting that {331} growth is initiated at, or very close to, nucleation.	Mar 2015
B16-Test Beamline	Twinning in vapour-grown, large volume Cd1−xZnxTe crystals Brian Tanner , John Mullins , Alexander Pym , Dzmitry Maneuski Journal Of Crystal Growth 448, 44 - 50 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2016.05.011 Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: The onset of twinning from View the MathML source to View the MathML source in large volume Cd1−xZnx Te crystals, grown by vapour transport on View the MathML source, often referred to as (211)B, oriented GaAs seeds, has been investigated using X-ray diffraction imaging (X-ray topography). Twinning is not associated with strains at the GaAs/CdTe interface as the initial growth was always in View the MathML source orientation. Nor is twinning related to lattice strains associated with injection of Zn subsequent to initial nucleation and growth of pure CdTe as in both cases twinning occurred after growth of several mm length of Cd1−xZnxTe. While in both cases examined, there was a region of disturbed growth prior to the twinning transition, in neither crystal does this strain appear to have nucleated the twinning process. In both cases, un-twinned material remained after twinning was observed, the scale of the resulting twin boundaries being sub-micron. Simultaneous twinning across the whole sample surface was observed in one sample, whereas in the other, twinning was nucleated at different points and times in the growth.	Aug 2016
I10-Beamline for Advanced Dichroism	Crystal growth and neutron diffraction studies of LixCoO2 bulk single crystals S. Uthayakumar , M. Pandiyan , D. G. Porter , M. J. Gutmann , R. Fan , J. P. Goff Journal Of Crystal Growth 401, 169 - 172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2013.11.043 Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: The first successful growth of neutron-size single-crystal LixCoO2 by the optical floating-zone technique is reported. Structural properties have been studied using the time-of-flight neutron Laue diffraction technique. Our experiment is the first report of the LixCoO2 single-crystal neutron study. The neutron diffraction profile yields sharp, strong Bragg reflections, indicating a single grain of high crystalline quality. The structural refinement from the single-crystal neutron diffraction data indicated a trigonal structure of space group R (3) over barm, and a Li concentration x=0.87. No superlattice reflections were detected. The surface morphology analysed by scanning electron microscopy revealed the absence of cracks. The magnetic susceptibility was measured in a field of 1 T with H parallel to c and H perpendicular to c, and an antiferromagnetic transition was observed at similar to 10 K, with no magnetic impurities. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V.	Sep 2014
I12-JEEP: Joint Engineering, Environmental and Processing	Characterisation of vapour grown CdZnTe crystals using synchrotron X-ray topography Christopher K. Egan , Ashutosh Choubey , Moreton Moore , Robert J. Cernik Journal Of Crystal Growth 343 (1), 1-6 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2012.01.003 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [2933] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Synchrotron white beam X-ray topography has been used to characterise bulk crystal defects of thick vapour grown CdZnTe crystals. Whole 50 mm diameter wafers with thicknesses in the range of 2–3 mm were sliced from boules grown by the multi-tube physical vapour transport method and analysed by diffraction topography in a transmission geometry. A variety of defects were observed including cracks, voids and grain boundaries. The largest quantity of defects observed were sub-grains appearing as localised increased intensity in the topographs. The periphery of the wafers showed the highest number of defects, whereas central regions where largely defect-free. We failed to observe any inclusions or precipitates within these crystals. Surface damage from wire-saw cutting was also observed on poorly processed wafers; these defects were otherwise invisible to standard characterisation methods. X-ray topography has proven to be a useful tool for non-destructively investigating bulk extended defects in CdZnTe crystals for radiation detector applications.	Jan 2012
I12-JEEP: Joint Engineering, Environmental and Processing	Effect of ultrasonic melt treatment on the refinement of primary Al3Ti intermetallic in an Al-0.4Ti alloy Feng Wang , Dmitry Eskin , Thomas Connolley , Jiawei Mi Journal Of Crystal Growth DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2015.11.034 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: High intensity ultrasonic melt treatment was applied to an Al-0.4 wt%Ti alloy over three selected temperature ranges: 810 to 770 °C (above liquidus), 770 to 730 °C (across liquidus), and 730 to 690 °C (below liquidus). The size and morphology of the primary Al3Ti intermetallic particles were studied by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the primary Al3Ti intermetallics were refined as a result of ultrasonication over all three temperature ranges and their morphology changed from typical large dendritic plates to small compact tablets. Quenching experiments before and after the ultrasonication were also carried out to capture the high-temperature stage of intermetallic formation. Based on the size and morphology observations, the mechanisms for the refinement of primary Al3Ti intermetallics at different solidification stages are discussed.	Dec 2015

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