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Instruments / Technical Area	Publication Details	Published
I11-High Resolution Powder Diffraction	Characterisation of residual stresses and oxides in titanium, nickel, and aluminium alloy additive manufacturing powders via synchrotron X-ray diffraction Max D.a. Valentine , Vimal Dhokia , Joseph Flynn , Sophie A. M. Mcnair , Alexander J. G. Lunt Materials Today Communications 35 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.105900 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [23975] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: The strength and fracture toughness of Additively Manufactured (AM) components are significantly influenced by the concentration and size of oxides and precipitate inclusions within the build powders. These features are highly sensitive to powder production parameters, as well as the number of times a powder has been reused. In this study synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction was performed in an inert atmosphere at room temperature and during in-situ heating, providing crucial insights into growth rates and distribution of oxides and precipitates as a function of temperature. From the high angular resolution data collected, the structural refinement showed that plasma wire arc atomisation shows lower residual strain than gas atomised powder samples at room temperature after atomisation likely due to lower temperatures achieved during the production process. Additionally, the results from the diffraction patterns collected during in-situ heating provide key insights to the four metal powders considered in this study, Ti-6Al-4 V, Ni718, AlSi10Mg, and Scalmalloy. This paper also highlights the potential that using synchrotron X-ray diffraction to study AM parts and constituent AM powder has to gain crucial insight into material properties and the build reliability of end use production quality parts from AM.	Jun 2023
I12-JEEP: Joint Engineering, Environmental and Processing	The effect of porosity on strain evolution and failure of soldered, small-diameter, thin-walled metallic pipes Sophie A. M. Mcnair , Jiraphant Srisuriyachot , Samuel Omole , Thomas Connolley , Andrew Rhead , Alexander J. G. Lunt Journal Of Materials Research And Technology 9 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.12.088 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [28603] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Small-diameter, thin-walled pipes have applications in a wide range of industries including high-energy physics, heat transfer, nuclear, medical and communications. There are no standards that exist for welds less than 0.5 mm in width, and as such it is difficult to determine the likely performance of a thin-walled pipe weld. Porosity is largely inevitable in fusion welded joints and is a determining factor in the performance of a connection. This study focused on characterisation of the evolution of strains in soldered welds less than 0.5 mm in width, by incrementally tensile loading samples and studying them in-situ with Synchrotron X-Ray Computed Tomography and X-Ray Diffraction. Two sample geometries were studied, and porosity defects were present in both, although the levels of porosity size, number and area varied dramatically between the two samples. Lattice strain interpretation showed that crack propagation for such samples is not driven by porosity but that crack evolution occurs at the same location and load levels irrespective of the presence of pores. Residual stresses of up to 0.3% from the fusion welding process were seen in both samples and appear to have a greater impact on locations of failure than porosity. Porosity does cause differences in strains across directions, however high strains alone did not appear to cause premature failure. Hence, efforts to improve weld strength should in future focus more on reducing residual stresses than reducing porosity.	Dec 2022
B16-Test Beamline	Carbon fibre lattice strain mapping via microfocus synchrotron X-ray diffraction of a reinforced composite Jiraphant Srisuriyachot , Sophie A. M. Mcnair , Yang Chen , Thomas Barthelay , Rob Gray , Jean Bénézech , Igor P. Dolbnya , Richard Butler , Alexander J. G. Lunt Carbon 194 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2022.08.041 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [23372] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SXRD) strain analysis is well established for high crystalline materials such as metals and ceramics, however, previously it has not been used in Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites due to their complex turbostratic atomic structure. This paper will present the feasibility of using SXRD for fibre orientation and lattice strain mapping inside CFRPs. In particular, it is the first time that the radial and axial strains of carbon fibre crystal planes have been analysed and cross-validated via numerical multi-scale simulation in a two-scale manner. In order to simplify the analysis and provide comparable estimates, an UniDirectional (UD) CFRP formed into a well-established humpback bridge shape was used. The lattice strain estimates obtained from SXRD showed localised stress concentrations and effectively matched the numerical results obtained by modelling. The mean absolute percentage differences between the two were 25.80% and 28.50% in the radial and axial directions, respectively. Differences between the two measurements are believed to originate from the non-uniform thermal history, forming geometry and tool-part interaction which leads to localised residual strains in the laminate which are unable to be fully captured by the numerical simulation performed. The carbon fibre microstructures of the inner plies adjacent to the tool were found to be significantly influenced by these factors and therefore the largest errors were observed at these locations. The approach presented has significant promise and implications for research into the micromechanics of composite materials and areas for future improvement have been outlined.	Aug 2022

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