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Instruments / Technical Area	Publication Details	Published
I06-Nanoscience (XPEEM)	Magnetic and electrical transport properties of artificial spin ice Katharina Zeissler DOI: 10.25560/25524 Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: This thesis explores the mechanisms of the magnetic reversal of permalloy artificial spin ice arrays. The main research foci include the influence of domain wall propagation on the magnetic reversal of honeycomb artificial spin ice, the low temperature behaviour of honeycomb artificial spin ice and the classification of inverse permalloy opals as three dimensional artificial spin ice. Room temperature imaging of the magnetisation configuration of the nanobars through the magnetic reversal, via scanning transmission X-ray microscopy, photoemission electron microscopy and Lorentz transmission electron microscopy, showed non random domain wall propagation through the frustrated vertices of the honeycomb artificial spin ice arrays. OOMMF simulations suggest that the origin of such non-randomness lies in the domain wall chirality. Boundary conditions necessary for domain wall injection into artificial spin ice arrays were investigated. A reduction of the edge nanobars width of 2/3 was needed to prevent random domain wall nucleation from the array edges. Electrical transport measurements showed evidence of a change in the magnetic reversal, driven by domain wall propagation, of honeycomb permalloy artificial spin ice below 15 K. The transition temperature was found to be proportional to the square of the saturation magnetisation of the ferromagnetic material used. The change in the magnetic reversal was associated with the non-random vertex domain wall positioning below the transition temperature due to the influence of vertex dipole interactions. Room temperature Lorentz transmission electron microscopy images and temperature dependent electrical transport measurements of three dimensional permalloy inverse opals showed the potential of magnetic inverse opals to act as three dimensional artificial spin ice systems.	Aug 2014
	Discrete Hall resistivity contribution from Néel skyrmions in multilayer nanodiscs Katharina Zeissler , Simone Finizio , Kowsar Shahbazi , Jamie Massey , Fatma Al Ma’mari , David M. Bracher , Armin Kleibert , Mark C. Rosamond , Edmund H. Linfield , Thomas A. Moore , Jörg Raabe , Gavin Burnell , Christopher H. Marrows Nature Nanotechnology 61 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0268-y Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Magnetic skyrmions are knot-like quasiparticles. They are candidates for non-volatile data storage in which information is moved between fixed read and write terminals. The read-out operation of skyrmion-based spintronic devices will rely on the electrical detection of a single magnetic skyrmion within a nanostructure. Here we present Pt/Co/Ir nanodiscs that support skyrmions at room temperature. We measured the Hall resistivity and simultaneously imaged the spin texture using magnetic scanning transmission X-ray microscopy. The Hall resistivity is correlated to both the presence and size of the skyrmion. The size-dependent part matches the expected anomalous Hall signal when averaging the magnetization over the entire disc. We observed a resistivity contribution that only depends on the number and sign of skyrmion-like objects present in the disc. Each skyrmion gives rise to 22 ± 2 nΩ cm irrespective of its size. This contribution needs to be considered in all-electrical detection schemes applied to skyrmion-based devices. Not only the area of Néel skyrmions but also their number and sign contribute to their Hall resistivity.	Oct 2018
	Diameter-independent skyrmion Hall angle observed in chiral magnetic multilayers Katharina Zeissler , Simone Finizio , Craig Barton , Alexandra J. Huxtable , Jamie Massey , Jörg Raabe , Alexandr V. Sadovnikov , Sergey A. Nikitov , Richard Brearton , Thorsten Hesjedal , Gerrit Van Der Laan , Mark C. Rosamond , Edmund H. Linfield , Gavin Burnell , Christopher H. Marrows Nature Communications 11 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14232-9 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Magnetic skyrmions are topologically non-trivial nanoscale objects. Their topology, which originates in their chiral domain wall winding, governs their unique response to a motion-inducing force. When subjected to an electrical current, the chiral winding of the spin texture leads to a deflection of the skyrmion trajectory, characterised by an angle with respect to the applied force direction. This skyrmion Hall angle is predicted to be skyrmion diameter-dependent. In contrast, our experimental study finds that the skyrmion Hall angle is diameter-independent for skyrmions with diameters ranging from 35 to 825 nm. At an average velocity of 6 ± 1 ms−1, the average skyrmion Hall angle was measured to be 9° ± 2°. In fact, the skyrmion dynamics is dominated by the local energy landscape such as materials defects and the local magnetic configuration.	Jan 2020

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