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Instruments / Technical Area	Publication Details	Published
I07-Surface & interface diffraction I09-Surface and Interface Structural Analysis	Formation of ultrathin cobalt ferrite films by interdiffusion of Fe3O4 / CoO bilayers J. Rodewald , J. Thien , T. Pohlmann , M. Hoppe , F. Timmer , F. Bertram , K. Kuepper , J. Wollschlager Physical Review B 100 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.100.155418 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [15205, 15334] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: In this work an alternate pathway is demonstrated to form ultrathin cobalt ferrite ( Co x Fe 3 − x O 4 ) films by interdiffusion of Fe 3 O 4 /CoO bilayers. Bilayer samples with different Fe 3 O 4 /CoO thickness ratios have been prepared by reactive molecular beam epitaxy on Nb-doped SrTiO 3 (001) substrates to obtain cobalt ferrite films of varied stoichiometry. Subsequently, oxygen-assisted postdeposition annealing experiments for consecutive temperature steps between 300 ∘ C and 600 ∘ C have been conducted monitoring the interdiffusion process by means of high-resolution x-ray reflectivity, soft and angle-resolved hard x-ray photoelectron, and x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Magnetic properties were characterized using superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry. The interdiffusion process starts from 300 ∘ C annealing temperature and is completed for temperatures above 500 ∘ C . For completely interdiffused films with Co:Fe ratios larger than 0.84:2 a thin segregated CoO layer on top of the ferrite is formed. This CoO segregation is attributed to surface and interface effects. In addition, multiplet calculations of x-ray absorption spectra are performed to determine the occupancy of different sublattices. These results are correlated with the magnetic properties of the ferrite films. A stoichiometric CoFe 2 O 4 film with partial inversion has been formed exhibiting homogeneously distributed Co 2 + and mainly Fe 3 + valence states if the initial Co:Fe content is 1.09:2. Thus, for the formation of stoichiometric cobalt ferrite by the proposed postdeposition annealing technique an initial Co excess has to be provided as the formation of a top CoO layer is inevitable.	Oct 2019
I07-Surface & interface diffraction	Real-time monitoring the growth of strained off-stoichiometric Ni x Fe3−xO4 ultrathin films on MgO(001) J. Rodewald , J. Thien , T. Pohlmann , M. Hoppe , F. Bertram , K. Kuepper , J. Wollschlager Applied Physics Letters 117 DOI: 10.1063/5.0013925 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [16299] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: NixFe3−x Ni x Fe 3 − x O4 thin films with varying Ni amount (0 ≤ ≤ x ≤ ≤ 1.5) were deposited on MgO(001) via reactive molecular beam epitaxy. The growth process was monitored during film deposition by means of X-ray diffraction. All prepared films exhibit a well-ordered structure with complete vertical crystallinity throughout the whole film growth and flat surfaces of the final films independent of the Ni amount. An enhancement of the vertical compression in the initial growth continuously decreases up to a film thickness of 8 nm. During further growth, all films exhibit residual and constant vertical compression with lateral adaption of the final films to the substrate lattice, as observed by high energy surface X-ray diffraction experiments. Hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements of the final films reveal increasing Fe3+ Fe 3 + :Fe2+ Fe 2 + ratios for higher Ni content and point to additional NiO agglomerations within the films exceeding the stoichiometric Ni amount of x = 1.	Jul 2020
I10-Beamline for Advanced Dichroism - scattering	Structural and magnetic investigation of the interfaces of Fe3O4/MgO(001) with and without NiO interlayer Tobias Pohlmann , Florian Bertram , Jannis Thien , Jari Rodewald , Kevin Ruwisch , Timo Kuschel , Eugen Weschke , Karsten Kuepper , Joachim Wollschlager Physical Review B 105 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.105.235436 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [19173] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: We present an investigation on the structural and magnetic properties of the interfaces of Fe 3 O 4 / MgO ( 001 ) and Fe 3 O 4 / NiO / MgO ( 001 ) by extracting cation-selective magneto-optical depth profiles by means of x-ray resonant magnetic reflectivity in combination with charge-transfer multiplet simulations of x-ray magnetic circular dichroism data. For Fe 3 O 4 / MgO ( 001 ) , the magneto-optical depth profiles at the Fe 2 + oct and the Fe 3 + oct resonant energies follow exactly the structural profile, while the magneto-optical depth profile at the Fe 3 + tet resonance is offset by 3.2 ± 1.3 Å from the interface, consistent with a B -site interface termination of Fe 3 O 4 with fully intact magnetic order. In contrast, for Fe 3 O 4 / NiO ( 001 ) , the magneto-optical depth profiles at the Fe 2 + oct and the Ni 2 + resonances agree with the structural profile, but the interface positions of the magneto-optical depth profiles at the Fe 3 + oct and the Fe 3 + tet resonances are spatially shifted by 3.3 ± 1.4 and 2.7 ± 0.9 Å, respectively, not consistent with a magnetically ordered stoichiometric interface. This may be related to an intermixed ( Ni , Fe ) O layer at the interface. The dichroic depth profile at the Ni L 3 edge might hint at uncompensated magnetic moments throughout the NiO film.	Jun 2022

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