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Abstract: The growing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) continues to raise concern for the disposal of lithium-ion batteries reaching their end of life (EoL). The cells inside EVs age differently depending on multiple factors. Yet, following extraction, there are significant challenges with characterizing degradation in cells that have been aged from real-world EV usage. We employed four non-destructive techniques—infrared thermography, ultrasonic mapping, X-ray tomography, and synchrotron X-ray diffraction—to analyze the aging of Nissan Leaf large-format pouch cells that were arranged in different orientations and locations within the pack. The combination of these methods provided complementary insights into cell degradation, with rotated/vertically aligned cells exhibiting distinct aging patterns compared with flat/horizontally aligned cells. These findings offer valuable information for pack design and demonstrate how cost-effective non-destructive techniques can provide practical assessment capabilities comparable to synchrotron studies. This approach enables decision support during EoL, enhancing battery production efficiency and minimizing material waste.

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Abstract: A transient pore-scale model of particle deposit formation in 3D microstructure of a catalytic filter wall is introduced. It predicts location of particle deposits, dynamics of their growth, transition from deep to cake filtration regime as well as the impact on flow field, pressure drop and filtration efficiency. The model is validated against time-resolved X-ray tomography (XRT) data acquired during a filtration experiment. The validated model is then used in transient simulations of the soot filtration process in several different microstructures using cordierite filter substrate with varied Pd/-AlO catalyst distribution. The sample with the coating solely inside the wall pores provides the lowest initial pressure drop but suffers from low clean filtration efficiency and high pressure drop after the cake is formed. The sample with partial on-wall coating achieves not only a higher filtration efficiency but also a lower pressure drop in long-term operation.

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Abstract: Thermoplastic fibre reinforced composites have the potential to reduce the CO 2 emissions of automotive vehicles through processes such as vehicle lightweighting. In comparison to the current structural metallic components, composites offer considerable improvements in the strength-to- weight ratio of automotive parts, ultimately enhancing the fuel efficiency of the vehicle. Polyamide 66 (PA66) is an affordable, tough and durable engineering thermoplastic with intrinsically good tribological and chemical resistance properties. Further, the mechanical properties and dimensional stability of polyamides can be improved by the addition of continuous glass fibre reinforcement. This work aims to characterise through-thickness crystallinity and microstructural morphology in stamp formed glass fibre reinforced polyamide 66 (PA66/GF). As determined by calorimetry, the through-thickness degree of crystallinity of an 11-ply PA66/GF composite was shown to be inversely proportional to the rate of heat loss throughout the stamp forming process. Within the surface layers of the composite, where cooling rates were observed to reach 1400 °C/min, crystallinity was found to be 3.0% lower than that of the central layers which, by comparison, crystallised under quasi-isothermal conditions. The variation in crystallinity owing to the disparity in cooling rates was further confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD). Analysis of one- dimensional (1D) wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) patterns demonstrated that despite the distinctly non-isothermal crystallisation conditions of the stamp forming process, the matrix polyamide rapidly crystallises into a triclinic unit cell characteristic of the \alpha-phase of PA66. However, despite this, the intensities of the α 1 and α 2 peaks representative of the (100) and (010)/(110) crystallographic planes, respectively, were found to differ through the thickness of the laminate, indicative of a change in crystal structure. Isothermal crystallisation kinetics of PA66/GF were analysed over a crystallisation temperature (T c ) range of 245 to 249 °C where, owing to both models accounting for the contribution of secondary crystallisation, the parallel Velisaris-Seferis and Hay equations were shown to provide the best fit to the experimental data (R 2 > 0.995). Hay’s assumption that both primary and secondary crystallisation occur simultaneously and that total crystallinity at time t, is the sum of the two contributions, was confirmed. Further, having not previously been applied to polyamides or thermoplastic reinforced composites, the findings of this study support the use of the Hay model in determining the isothermal crystallisation kinetics of polymeric materials.

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Abstract: Ceria (cerium oxide) based materials have been widely used for catalytic applications including; fluid catalytic cracking, water gas shift reactions, solid oxide fuel cells and automotive catalytic after-treatment. It has often been the material of choice for supporting precious metals in many of the applications previously mentioned, as it can provide a high surface area and has excellent redox properties. This enables ceria to absorb oxygen into its structure and release it again, to facilitate oxidation reactions. Cerium is also one of the most abundant rare earth metals, making it a relatively cost effective material to use in industrial applications. For these reasons, cerium oxide remains to be a material of high interest for the development of cost-effective industrial catalysts and is, therefore, the focal material for this work. Modern internal combustion engine technology is being directed towards lean burn operation, involving higher air-fuel ratios in order to improve thermal efficiency. In turn, the operating temperature of modern engines is being reduced, providing less of the heat energy required to activate the catalysts in the after-treatment system. Therefore, in order to mitigate the emission from efficient lean burn engines and comply with emission regulations, the requirement for low temperature automotive catalysts is apparent. The objective of this work is to develop effective ceria based materials for the application of modern automotive after-treatment catalysis. The first approach is the use of a novel method for the preparation of a mixed oxide catalysts, which show high activity for CO and HC oxidation at low temperature. The preparation of ceria/manganese mixed oxide catalysts using a novel synthesis method has been studied and the materials were characterised to gain insights of their structure and morphology. Temperature programmed reactions using a complex mixture of reactants, before and after hydrothermal aging, were carried out to investigate their application for automotive emission control. The results from these studies were compared with more conventional ceria based materials that are often used for automotive after-treatment. A second approach used in this work is a post synthesis technique for the surface modification of ceria catalysts using ion bombardment. This technique was carried out on a commercially sourced, model catalyst. A Pt-CeO2/ZrO2 was treated with nitrogen ion irradiation and the effects of the adjustable parameters of the ion beam were investigated by carrying out temperature programmed reactions. The samples were also extensively characterised using XAFS and XPS techniques to understand the effects of the ion beam treatment on the structure, morphology and Pt dispersion of the materials.

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Abstract: In recent years, noble metals atomically dispersed on solid oxide supports have become a frontier of heterogeneous catalysis. In pursuit of an ultimate atom efficiency, the stability of single-atom catalysts is pivotal. Here we compare two Pd/CeO2 single-atom catalysts that are active in low-temperature CO oxidation and display drastically different structural dynamics under the reaction conditions. These catalysts were obtained by conventional impregnation on hydrothermally synthesized CeO2 and one-step flame spray pyrolysis. The oxidized Pd atoms in the impregnated catalyst were prone to reduction and sintering during CO oxidation, whereas they remained intact on the surface of the Pd-doped CeO2 derived by flame spray pyrolysis. A detailed in situ characterization linked the stability of the Pd single atoms to the reducibility of the Pd–CeO2 interface and the extent of reverse oxygen spillover. To understand the chemical phenomena that underlie the metal–support interactions is crucial to the rational design of stable single-atom catalysts.