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Abstract: Purportedly originating from the late Predynastic–Early Dynastic period of ancient Egyptian civilisation (about 3100 BC), the statuette known as “MacGregor Man” was acquired near the site of Naqada in southern Egypt by the Reverend William MacGregor at the end of the 19th century. The Ashmolean Museum (University of Oxford) subsequently purchased the statuette at the sale of MacGregor’s collection in 1922, and it remains one of the most important items in the museum’s Egyptology collection. However, the authenticity of the statuette has been the focus of fierce scholarly debate since it first came to light. At that time there was little with which the object could be compared and a forger would have little source material to copy: some of its features are consistent with securely provenanced statuettes and figurines that were discovered some time after the appearance of MacGregor Man. Several other aspects have caused others to question whether MacGregor Man is genuine. It is carved from what is widely believed to be a basaltic rock; rare in ancient Egypt and its hardness would have made sculpting such a detailed statue exceedingly difficult with the tools available to ancient stonemasons. Also, there are strong indications that MacGregor Man may have been deliberately damaged, possibly in an effort to artificially “antiquate” the statuette (though other explanations are feasible). Despite the sustained interest in MacGregor Man, no mineralogical analysis of the stone it is sculpted from has been carried out to date. Though it has been visually identified as being most likely a basalt, it has so far been impossible to ascertain even this basic information without removing a sample from and thus damaging the statue. Even a basic understanding of the mineralogy of the sample could prove informative since basaltic composition can be diagnostic for determining the region of its origin. Using energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) in a back-reflection geometry, a non-destructive technique, high-resolution powder diffraction data from several regions were collected at Diamond Light Source (Didcot, Oxfordshire, U.K.) in February 2019. From these data, despite poor powder averaging (resulting from the large crystallite size), we plan to extract crystallographic information such as the minerals present and unit cell dimensions. This will be compared to published data from known Egyptian basalt samples in an attempt to ascertain whether it is Egyptian in origin. The results of this crystallographic analysis will be presented.

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Abstract: Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is key to maintaining the transmembrane protein composition of cells’ limiting membranes. During mammalian CME, a reversible phosphorylation event occurs on Thr156 of the μ2 subunit of the main endocytic clathrin adaptor, AP2. We show that this phosphorylation event starts during clathrin-coated pit (CCP) initiation and increases throughout CCP lifetime. μ2Thr156 phosphorylation favors a new, cargo-bound conformation of AP2 and simultaneously creates a binding platform for the endocytic NECAP proteins but without significantly altering AP2’s cargo affinity in vitro. We describe the structural bases of both. NECAP arrival at CCPs parallels that of clathrin and increases with μ2Thr156 phosphorylation. In turn, NECAP recruits drivers of late stages of CCP formation, including SNX9, via a site distinct from where NECAP binds AP2. Disruption of the different modules of this phosphorylation-based temporal regulatory system results in CCP maturation being delayed and/or stalled, hence impairing global rates of CME.

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Abstract: Here, we demonstrate a chemical modification strategy to create biomaterials of the M13 bacteriophage with extraordinary thermal stability, and high compatibility with non-aqueous ionic liquids. The results provide a blueprint for developing soft materials with well-defined architectures that may find broad applicability in the next generation of flexible devices.

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Abstract: We highlight the power of electronic circular dichroism imaging (CDi), a technique developed at Diamond Light Source B23 beamline for synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD) to detect local domains of chiral supramolecular order in thin films of chiral oligomers and polymers. The highly brilliant and collimated beamlight of B23 enabled CDi at a spatial resolution of 0.1 mm, unattainable with benchtop electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectropolarimeters. CDi is bridging the gap between standard ECD spectroscopy and conventional microscopy. Presently, we apply CDi to reveal the local polymorphism of chiral oligothiophene-based molecules. By extensive use of a post-acquisition data-analysis tool called similarity factor, we quantified the polymorphs revealing a manifold of aggregation pathways whose relative weight was function of the sample preparation protocol. This work uncovers the parameters that need to be optimised in order to obtain reproducible and controllable supramolecular structures in thin films, which is of paramount importance for materials with optoelectronic properties. Noteworthy, this analysis is based on the CDi measurement at high spatial resolution of the thin film of organic chiral semiconductor at the ultimate stage of preparation as the active layer of an optoelectronic device.

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Abstract: We present a new method of single acquisition spectroscopic imaging with high spatial resolution. The technique is based on the combination of polychromatic synchrotron radiation and ptychographic imaging with a recently developed energy discriminating detector. We demonstrate the feasibility with a Ni-Cu test sample recorded at I13-1 of the Diamond Light Source, UK. The two elements can be clearly distinguished and the Ni absorption edge is identified. The results prove the feasibility of obtaining high-resolution structural and chemical images within a single acquisition using a polychromatic X-ray beam. The capability of resolving the absorption edge applies to a wide range of research areas, such as magnetic domains imaging and element specific investigations in biological, materials, and earth sciences. The method utilises the full available radiation spectrum and is therefore well suited for broadband radiation sources.