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Instruments / Technical Area	Publication Details	Published
	The single-particle, clusters and biomolecules and serial femtosecond crystallography instrument of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser: Interaction region downstream at atmospheric pressure (IRD) Adam Round , Pierre Aller , Richard Bean , Johan Bielecki , Agata Butryn , Nicholas E. Devenish , Raphael De Wijn , Thomas Dietze , Katerina Doerner , Fabio Dall'Antonia , Gabriele Giovanetti , Huijong Han , Vincent Hennicke , Chan Kim , Yoonhee Kim , Marco Kloos , Jayanath C. P. Koliyadu , Gabriel Leen , Romain Letrun , Luis Lopez Morillo , Allen M. Orville , Tim Pakendorf , Marco Ramilli , Nadja Reimers , Patrick Reinke , Juan Sanchez-Weatherby , Tokushi Sato , Robin Schubert , Joachim Schulz , Cedric Signe Takem , Marcin Sikorski , Prasad Thute , Fabian Trost , Oleksii Turkot , Patrik Vagovic , Mohammad Vakili , Raul Villanueva Guerrero , Henry N. Chapman , Alke Meents , Serguei Molodtsov , Sakura Pascarelli , Thomas Tschentschera , Adrian Mancuso , Pontus Fischer , Sebastian Guenther Journal Of Synchrotron Radiation 33 DOI: 10.1107/S1600577525008999 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: The Single-Particle, Clusters and Biomolecules and Serial Femtosecond Crystallography (SPB/SFX) scientific instrument at the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL) became operational with user experiments in September 2017. The unique properties and capabilities of the EuXFEL, enabling megahertz data collection rates, provide more rapid data collection with improved statistics compared with other XFEL facilities. This improves the feasibility of obtaining multiple data points in time-resolved experiments and hence enables the observation of reactions in greater detail (molecular movies). In collaboration with the SFX User Consortium (SFX UC), the SPB/SFX instrument was designed to further increase user access and research outcomes. Focusing the pulses downstream of the first interaction region [described previously (Mancuso et al., 2019)], a second experiment plane is enabled, which allows for greater optimization and more efficient usage of available beam time. Additionally, the SFX UC provided further instrumentation to provide improved capabilities on SPB/SFX. The aim for additional and extended functionality for the second interaction region was to enable sample-efficient data collection at atmospheric pressure in an environment where the sample temperature and humidity can be controlled. This paper describes the extended capabilities of the downstream interaction region of the SPB/SFX instrument and its major components, in particular its X-ray focusing optics, vacuum to atmospheric pressure out-coupling, available sample delivery methods and 2D detector, and the supporting optical laser systems for pump–probe experiments.	Nov 2025
	Pr and Pfr structures of plant phytochrome A Soshichiro Nagano , David Von Stetten , Kaoling Guan , Peng-Yuan Chen , Chen Song , Thomas Barends , Manfred S. Weiss , Christian G. Feiler , Katerina Dörner , Iñaki De Diego Martinez , Robin Schubert , Johan Bielecki , Lea Brings , Huijong Han , Konstantin Kharitonov , Chan Kim , Marco Kloos , Jayanath C. P. Koliyadu , Faisal H. M. Koua , Ekaterina Round , Abhisakh Sarma , Tokushi Sato , Christina Schmidt , Joana Valerio , Agnieszka Wrona , Joachim Schulz , Raphael De Wijn , Romain Letrun , Richard Bean , Adrian Mancuso , Karsten Heyne , Jon Hughes Nature Communications 16 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-60738-w Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Phytochromes are biliprotein photoreceptors widespread amongst microorganisms and ubiquitous in plants where they control developmental processes as diverse as germination, stem elongation and floral induction through the photoconversion of inactive Pr to the Pfr signalling state. Here we report crystal structures of the chromophore-binding module of soybean phytochrome A, including ~2.2 Å XFEL structures of Pr and Pfr at ambient temperature and high resolution cryogenic structures of Pr. In the Pfr structure, the chromophore is exposed to the medium, the D-ring remaining α-facial following the likely clockwise photoflip. The chromophore shifts within its pocket, while its propionate side chains, their partners as well as three neighbouring tyrosines shift radically. Helices near the chromophore show substantial shifts that might represent components of the light signal. These changes reflect those in bacteriophytochromes despite their quite different signalling mechanisms, implying that fundamental aspects of phytochrome photoactivation have been repurposed for photoregulation in the eukaryotic plant.	Jun 2025
	Mix-and-extrude: high-viscosity sample injection towards time-resolved protein crystallography Mohammad Vakili , Huijong Han , Christina Schmidt , Agnieszka Wrona , Marco Kloos , Iñaki De Diego , Katerina Dörner , Tian Geng , Chan Kim , Faisal H. M. Koua , Diogo V. M. Melo , Mathieu Rappas , Adam Round , Ekaterina Round , Marcin Sikorski , Joana Valerio , Tiankun Zhou , Kristina Lorenzen , Joachim Schulz Journal Of Applied Crystallography 56 DOI: 10.1107/S1600576723004405 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Time-resolved crystallography enables the visualization of protein molecular motion during a reaction. Although light is often used to initiate reactions in time-resolved crystallography, only a small number of proteins can be activated by light. However, many biological reactions can be triggered by the interaction between proteins and ligands. The sample delivery method presented here uses a mix-and-extrude approach based on 3D-printed microchannels in conjunction with a micronozzle. The diffusive mixing enables the study of the dynamics of samples in viscous media. The device design allows mixing of the ligands and protein crystals in 2 to 20 s. The device characterization using a model system (fluorescence quenching of iq-mEmerald proteins by copper ions) demonstrated that ligand and protein crystals, each within lipidic cubic phase, can be mixed efficiently. The potential of this approach for time-resolved membrane protein crystallography to support the development of new drugs is discussed.	Aug 2023
I13-2-Diamond Manchester Imaging	Time resolved in-situ multi-contrast X-ray imaging of melting in metals Lorenzo Massimi , Samuel J. Clark , Sebastian Marussi , Adam Doherty , Saurabh M. Shah , Joachim Schulz , Shashidhara Marathe , Christoph Rau , Marco Endrizzi , Peter D. Lee , Alessandro Olivo Scientific Reports 12 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15501-2 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [23760] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: In this work, the application of a time resolved multi-contrast beam tracking technique to the investigation of the melting and solidification process in metals is presented. The use of such a technique allows retrieval of three contrast channels, transmission, refraction and dark-field, with millisecond time resolution. We investigated different melting conditions to characterize, at a proof-of-concept level, the features visible in each of the contrast channels. We found that the phase contrast channel provides a superior visibility of the density variations, allowing the liquid metal pool to be clearly distinguished. Refraction and dark-field were found to highlight surface roughness formed during solidification. This work demonstrates that the availability of the additional contrast channels provided by multi-contrast X-ray imaging delivers additional information, also when imaging high atomic number specimens with a significant absorption.	Jul 2022
I13-2-Diamond Manchester Imaging	Dynamic multicontrast X-ray imaging method applied to additive manufacturing Lorenzo Massimi , Samuel J. Clark , Sebastian Marussi , Adam Doherty , Joachim Schulz , Shashidhara Marathe , Christoph Rau , Marco Endrizzi , Peter D. Lee , Alessandro Olivo Physical Review Letters 127 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.215503 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [23760] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: We present a dynamic implementation of the beam-tracking x-ray imaging method providing absorption, phase, and ultrasmall angle scattering signals with microscopic resolution and high frame rate. We demonstrate the method’s ability to capture dynamic processes with 22-ms time resolution by investigating the melting of metals in laser additive manufacturing, which has so far been limited to single-modality synchrotron radiography. The simultaneous availability of three contrast channels enables earlier segmentation of droplets, tracking of powder dynamic, and estimation of unfused powder amounts, demonstrating that the method can provide additional information on melting processes.	Nov 2021
	Segmented flow generator for serial crystallography at the European X-ray free electron laser Austin Echelmeier , Jorvani Cruz Villarreal , Marc Messerschmidt , Daihyun Kim , Jesse D. Coe , Darren Thifault , Sabine Botha , Ana Egatz-Gomez , Sahir Gandhi , Gerrit Brehm , Chelsie E. Conrad , Debra T. Hansen , Caleb Madsen , Saša Bajt , J. Domingo Meza-Aguilar , Dominik Oberthuer , Max O. Wiedorn , Holger Fleckenstein , Derek Mendez , Juraj Knoška , Jose M. Martin-Garcia , Hao Hu , Stella Lisova , Aschkai Allahgoli , Yaroslav Gevorkov , Kartik Ayyer , Steve Aplin , Helen M. Ginn , Heinz Graafsma , Andrew J. Morgan , Dominic Greiffenberg , Alexander Klujev , Torsten Laurus , Jennifer Poehlsen , Ulrich Trunk , Davide Mezza , Bernd Schmitt , Manuela Kuhn , Raimund Fromme , Jolanta Sztuk-Dambietz , Natascha Raab , Steffen Hauf , Alessandro Silenzi , Thomas Michelat , Chen Xu , Cyril Danilevski , Andrea Parenti , Leonce Mekinda , Britta Weinhausen , Grant Mills , Patrik Vagovic , Yoonhee Kim , Henry Kirkwood , Richard Bean , Johan Bielecki , Stephan Stern , Klaus Giewekemeyer , Adam Round , Joachim Schulz , Katerina Dörner , Thomas D. Grant , Valerio Mariani , Anton Barty , Adrian P. Mancuso , Uwe Weierstall , John C. H. Spence , Henry N. Chapman , Nadia Zatsepin , Petra Fromme , Richard A. Kirian , Alexandra Ros Nature Communications 11 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18156-7 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) with X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) allows structure determination of membrane proteins and time-resolved crystallography. Common liquid sample delivery continuously jets the protein crystal suspension into the path of the XFEL, wasting a vast amount of sample due to the pulsed nature of all current XFEL sources. The European XFEL (EuXFEL) delivers femtosecond (fs) X-ray pulses in trains spaced 100 ms apart whereas pulses within trains are currently separated by 889 ns. Therefore, continuous sample delivery via fast jets wastes >99% of sample. Here, we introduce a microfluidic device delivering crystal laden droplets segmented with an immiscible oil reducing sample waste and demonstrate droplet injection at the EuXFEL compatible with high pressure liquid delivery of an SFX experiment. While achieving ~60% reduction in sample waste, we determine the structure of the enzyme 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate-8-phosphate synthase from microcrystals delivered in droplets revealing distinct structural features not previously reported.	Sep 2020
I03-Macromolecular Crystallography	Megahertz serial crystallography Max O. Wiedorn , Dominik Oberthuer , Richard Bean , Robin Schubert , Nadine Werner , Brian Abbey , Martin Aepfelbacher , Luigi Adriano , Aschkan Allahgholi , Nasser Al-Qudami , Jakob Andreasson , Steve Aplin , Salah Awel , Kartik Ayyer , Saša Bajt , Imrich Barák , Sadia Bari , Johan Bielecki , Sabine Botha , Djelloul Boukhelef , Wolfgang Brehm , Sandor Brockhauser , Igor Cheviakov , Matthew A. Coleman , Francisco Cruz-Mazo , Cyril Danilevski , Connie Darmanin , R. Bruce Doak , Martin Domaracky , Katerina Dörner , Yang Du , Hans Fangohr , Holger Fleckenstein , Matthias Frank , Petra Fromme , Alfonso M. Gañán-Calvo , Yaroslav Gevorkov , Klaus Giewekemeyer , Helen Mary Ginn , Heinz Graafsma , Rita Graceffa , Dominic Greiffenberg , Lars Gumprecht , Peter Göttlicher , Janos Hajdu , Steffen Hauf , Michael Heymann , Susannah Holmes , Daniel A. Horke , Mark S. Hunter , Siegfried Imlau , Alexander Kaukher , Yoonhee Kim , Alexander Klyuev , Juraj Knoška , Bostjan Kobe , Manuela Kuhn , Christopher Kupitz , Jochen Küpper , Janine Mia Lahey-Rudolph , Torsten Laurus , Karoline Le Cong , Romain Letrun , P. Lourdu Xavier , Luis Maia , Filipe R. N. C. Maia , Valerio Mariani , Marc Messerschmidt , Markus Metz , Davide Mezza , Thomas Michelat , Grant Mills , Diana C. F. Monteiro , Andrew Morgan , Kerstin Mühlig , Anna Munke , Astrid Münnich , Julia Nette , Keith A. Nugent , Theresa Nuguid , Allen M. Orville , Suraj Pandey , Gisel Pena , Pablo Villanueva-Perez , Jennifer Poehlsen , Gianpietro Previtali , Lars Redecke , Winnie Maria Riekehr , Holger Rohde , Adam Round , Tatiana Safenreiter , Iosifina Sarrou , Tokushi Sato , Marius Schmidt , Bernd Schmitt , Robert Schönherr , Joachim Schulz , Jonas A. Sellberg , M. Marvin Seibert , Carolin Seuring , Megan L. Shelby , Robert L. Shoeman , Marcin Sikorski , Alessandro Silenzi , Claudiu A. Stan , Xintian Shi , Stephan Stern , Jola Sztuk-Dambietz , Janusz Szuba , Aleksandra Tolstikova , Martin Trebbin , Ulrich Trunk , Patrik Vagovic , Thomas Ve , Britta Weinhausen , Thomas A. White , Krzysztof Wrona , Chen Xu , Oleksandr Yefanov , Nadia Zatsepin , Jiaguo Zhang , Markus Perbandt , Adrian P. Mancuso , Christian Betzel , Henry Chapman , Anton Barty Nature Communications 9 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06156-7 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: The new European X-ray Free-Electron Laser is the first X-ray free-electron laser capable of delivering X-ray pulses with a megahertz inter-pulse spacing, more than four orders of magnitude higher than previously possible. However, to date, it has been unclear whether it would indeed be possible to measure high-quality diffraction data at megahertz pulse repetition rates. Here, we show that high-quality structures can indeed be obtained using currently available operating conditions at the European XFEL. We present two complete data sets, one from the well-known model system lysozyme and the other from a so far unknown complex of a β-lactamase from K. pneumoniae involved in antibiotic resistance. This result opens up megahertz serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) as a tool for reliable structure determination, substrate screening and the efficient measurement of the evolution and dynamics of molecular structures using megahertz repetition rate pulses available at this new class of X-ray laser source.	Oct 2018

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