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Instruments / Technical Area	Publication Details	Published
I18-Microfocus Spectroscopy	Differences in iron and manganese concentration may confound the measurement of myelin from R 1 and R 2 relaxation rates in studies of dysmyelination Kimberly L. Desmond , Alia Al-Ebraheem , Rafal Janik , Wendy Oakden , Jacek M. Kwiecien , Wojciech Dabrowski , Radoslaw Rola , Tina Geraki , Michael Farquharson , Greg J. Stanisz , Nicholas A. Bock Nmr In Biomedicine DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3549 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [9704] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: A model of dysmyelination, the Long Evans Shaker (les) rat, was used to study the contribution of myelin to MR tissue properties in white matter. A large region of white matter was identified in the deep cerebellum and was used for measurements of the MR relaxation rate constants, R1 = 1/T1 and R2 = 1/T2, at 7 T. In this study, R1 of the les deep cerebellar white matter was found to be 0.55 ± 0.08 s –1 and R2 was found to be 15 ± 1 s–1, revealing significantly lower R1 and R2 in les white matter relative to wild-type (wt: R1 = 0.69 ± 0.05 s–1 and R2 = 18 ± 1 s–1). These deviated from the expected ΔR1 and ΔR2 values, given a complete lack of myelin in the les white matter, derived from the literature using values of myelin relaxivity, and we suspect that metals could play a significant role. The absolute concentrations of the paramagnetic transition metals iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) were measured by a micro-synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (μSRXRF) technique, with significantly greater Fe and Mn in les white matter than in wt (in units of μg [metal]/g [wet weight tissue]: les: Fe concentration,19 ± 1; Mn concentration, 0.71 ± 0.04; wt: Fe concentration,10 ± 1; Mn concentration, 0.47 ± 0.04). These changes in Fe and Mn could explain the deviations in R1 and R2 from the expected values in white matter. Although it was found that the influence of myelin still dominates R1 and R2 in wt rats, there were non-negligible changes in the contribution of the metals to relaxation. Although there are already problems with the estimation of myelin from R1 and R2 changes in disease models with pathology that also affects the relaxation rate constants, this study points to a specific pitfall in the estimation of changes in myelin in diseases or models with disrupted concentrations of paramagnetic transition metals. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	May 2016
I18-Microfocus Spectroscopy	Transition Metal Distribution in the Brain and Spinal Cord of a Rat Model of Myelin Loss Alia Al-ebraheem , L Miller , Tina Geraki , K Desmond , N Bock , Michael Farquharson The 23rd International Congress on X-ray Optics and Microanalysis Diamond Proposal Number(s): [9704] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Transition metal concentrations in the central nervous system (CNS) are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Multiple Sclerosis. A common symptom of these diseases is demyelination, which is the degradation of the myelin sheath that encapsulates the neurons in vertebrates. A dysmyelinating rodent model (Long Evans Shaker (LES) rodents) was used to characterize the transition metal concentrations in the central nervous system compared to its age-matched controls, to elucidate the contingency between transition metals and myelination in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. The concentrations of manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in regions of grey matter and white matter have been compared between Shaker rodents and their age-matched Long Evans (LE) controls in the cerebellum and spinal cord, using micro probe Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Fluorescence (μSRXRF).	Sep 2015
I18-Microfocus Spectroscopy	Emerging patterns in the distribution of trace elements in ovarian, invasive and in-situ breast cancer A. Al-Ebraheem , E. Dao , K. Geraki , M. J. Farquharson Journal Of Physics: Conference Series 499 22nd International Congress on X-Ray Optics and Microanalysis DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/499/1/012014 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [8487] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Breast cancer is the most common cancer and ovarian cancer is the 8th most common cancer affecting women worldwide. This study highlights the changes of trace element levels accompanied by the progression from ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast, using micro probe Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Fluorescence (µSRXRF). The average values for the increase in Ca, Fe and Zn in tumour regions with respect to surrounding regions for the DCIS samples were significantly higher compared to the increase in the IDC samples (P <0.01).This study was also carried out to find a connection between ovarian cancer and breast cancer with respect to the cellular distribution of Ca, Cu, Fe, and Zn. For IDC, DCIS and ovarian cases, the statistical analysis reveals a significant increase in the levels of Ca, Cu and Zn concentrations in cancer tissue when compared to the normal surrounding tissue. For Fe, the differences between tumour regions with respect to surrounding regions were found to be not significant in IDC and ovarian cases. In DCIS cases, the results reveal a significant increase in the levels of Fe in cancer tissue when compared to the surrounding normal breast tissue (P <0.01).	Apr 2014
I18-Microfocus Spectroscopy	The use of bio-metal concentrations correlated with clinical prognostic factors to assess human breast tissues Alia Al-ebraheem , Tina Geraki , Russell Leek , Adrian L Harris , Michael Farquharson X-Ray Spectrometry 42 (4), 330 - 336 European Conference on X-Ray Spectrometry DOI: 10.1002/xrs.2463 Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Worldwide, breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women and the leading cause of cancer death among women. The concentrations of bio-metals are crucial for the homeostasis of human health and are being shown to have significantly different concentrations when comparing human cancer tissue and normal tissue	Jul 2013

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