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Instruments / Technical Area	Publication Details	Published
Mechanical Engineering	Innovative delta robot sample scanner J Kelly , J. Parker , A. Male , M. Nagy , L. Chisman , P. Quinn 14th International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation (SRI 2021) DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2380/1/012113 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Synchrotron Endstations typically use a stack of coarse and fine motion stages to position and scan a sample in the beam. The serial nature of this design causes a low resonant frequency and hence limits the position stability. The combination of multiple stages also adds motion control and data analysis complexity. A large range parallel kinematic cartesian sample scanner has been designed, built, tested and installed to address these limitations. The stage combines a 3 mm travel range with < 3 nm RMS position jitter in the scan directions and < 1 nm/minute thermal drift during scanning. This paper describes and demonstrates the mechatronic design process of Dynamic Error Budgeting. The stage is installed and fully operational on beamline I14 at the Diamond Light Source being used for nanoscale XRF mapping, imaging and ptychography.	Dec 2022
I14-Hard X-ray Nanoprobe	The Delta Robot—A long travel nano-positioning stage for scanning x-ray microscopy Jon Kelly , Andrew Male , Nicholas Rubies , David Mahoney , Jessica Walker , Miguel A. Gomez-Gonzalez , Guy Wilkin , Julia E. Parker , Paul D. Quinn Review Of Scientific Instruments 93 DOI: 10.1063/5.0084806 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: A new stage design concept, the Delta Robot, is presented, which is a parallel kinematic design for scanning x-ray microscopy applications. The stage employs three orthogonal voice coils, which actuate parallelogram flexures. The design has a 3 mm travel range and achieves rms position jitter, integrated from 1 Hz to 1 kHz, of 2.8 and 1.3 nm perpendicular to the beam and 5.6 nm along the beam direction with loads up to 350 g. The Delta Robot design process used a mechatronics approach of iterative modeling and simulation to develop the system and validate performance. The design considerations, design process, stability, and operational performance on the hard x-ray nanoprobe at Diamond Light Source are presented.	Apr 2022
Optics	Development of a passive tuned mass damper for ultra-high vacuum beamline optics F. Khan , D. Crivelli , J. Kelly , A. Male MEDSI2020 DOI: 10.18429/JACoW-MEDSI2020-TUOB02 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Vibration in beamline optics can degrade the quality of experiments: the resulting movement of a mirror increases the x-ray beam position uncertainty, and introduces flux variations at the sample. This is normally dealt with by averaging data collection over longer periods of time, by slowing down the data acquisition rates, or by accepting lower quality / blurred images. With the development of faster camera technology and smaller beam sizes in next generation synchrotron upgrades, older optics designs can become less suitable, but still very expensive to redesign. Mechanically, mirror actuation systems need to be a balance between repeatability of motion and stability. This normally leads to designs that are ’soft’ and have resonant modes at a relatively low frequency, which can be easily excited by external disturbances such as ground vibration and local noise. In ultra-high vacuum applications the damping is naturally very low, and the amplification of vibration at resonance tends to be very high. At Diamond we designed a process for passively damping beamline mirror optics. First, we analyse the mirror’s vibration modes using experimental modal analysis; we then determine the tuned mass damper parameters using mathematical and dynamic models. Finally, we design a flexure-based metal tuned mass damper which relies on eddy current damping through magnets and a conductor plate. The tuned mass damper can be retrofitted to existing optics using a clamping system that requires no modification to the existing system. In this conference paper we show a case study on a mirror optic on Diamond Light Source’s small molecule single crystal diffraction beamline, I19.	Nov 2021
I11-High Resolution Powder Diffraction	A slow-cooling-rate in situ cell for long-duration studies of mineral precipitation in cold aqueous environments on Earth and other planetary bodies Stephen P. Thompson , Hilary Kennedy , Sarah Day , Annabelle R. Baker , Benjamin M. Butler , Emmal Safi , Jon Kelly , Andrew Male , Jonathan Potter , Tom Cobb , Claire A. Murray , Chiu C. Tang , Aneurin Evans , Ronaldo Mercado Journal Of Applied Crystallography 51, 1197 - 1210 DOI: 10.1107/S1600576718008816 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [10025] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Liquid oceans and ice caps, along with ice crusts, have long been considered defining features of the Earth, but space missions and observations have shown that they are in fact common features among many of the solar system's outer planets and their satellites. Interactions with rock-forming materials have produced saline oceans not dissimilar in many respects to those on Earth, where mineral precipitation within frozen seawater plays a significant role in both determining global properties and regulating the environment in which a complex ecosystem of extremophiles exists. Since water is considered an essential ingredient for life, the presence of oceans and ice on other solar system bodies is of great astrobiological interest. However, the details surrounding mineral precipitation in freezing environments are still poorly constrained, owing to the difficulties of sampling and ex situ preservation for laboratory analysis, meaning that predictive models have limited empirical underpinnings. To address this, the design and performance characterization of a transmission-geometry sample cell for use in long-duration synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction studies of in situ mineral precipitation from aqueous ice–brine systems are presented. The cell is capable of very slow cooling rates (e.g. 0.3°C per day or less), and its performance is demonstrated with the results from a year-long study of the precipitation of the hydrated magnesium sulfate phase meridianiite (MgSO4·11H2O) from the MgSO4–H2O system. Evidence from the Mars Rover mission suggests that this hydrated phase is widespread on the present-day surface of Mars. However, as well as the predicted hexagonal ice and meridianiite phases, an additional hydrated sulfate phase and a disordered phase are observed.	Aug 2018

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