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Instruments / Technical Area	Publication Details	Published
I07-Surface & interface diffraction I15-Extreme Conditions I19-Small Molecule Single Crystal Diffraction	Layer-by-layer epitaxial growth of perovskite heterostructures with tunable band offsets Yang Lu , Young-Kwang Jung , Milos Dubajic , Xinjuan Li , Shabnum Maqbool , Qichun Gu , Xinyu Bai , Yorrick Boeije , Xian Wei Chua , Alessandro J. Mirabelli , Taeheon Kang , Lars Sonneveld , Youcheng Zhang , Thomas A. Selby , Capucine Mamak , Kan Tang , Zhongzheng Yu , Tianjun Liu , Miguel Anaya , Stephen Barlow , Seth R. Marder , Bruno Ehrler , Caterina Ducati , Richard H. Friend , Samuel D. Stranks Science 390 DOI: 10.1126/science.adx5685 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [32266, 38601, 30043, 33123, 36628, 38508] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Halide perovskites exhibit superior optoelectronic properties but lack precise thickness and band offset control in heterojunctions, which is critical for modular multilayer architectures such as multiple quantum wells. We demonstrate vapor-phase, layer-by-layer heteroepitaxial growth exemplified by CsPbBr3 deposition on single crystals of PEA2PbBr4 (PEA: 2-phenylethylammonium). Angstrom-level thickness control and subangstrom smooth layers enable quantum-confined photoluminescence of CsPbBr3 from monolayer, bilayer, and through to bulk. The interfacial structure controls the electronic structure from a Cs‒PEA-terminated interface (type II heterojunction) to a PEA‒PEA-terminated interface (type I heterojunction), with a layer-tunable band offset shift exceeding 0.5 electron volts. Electron transfer from CsPbBr3 to PEA2PbBr4 for a type II Cs‒PEA heterojunction results in delayed electron-hole recombination beyond 10 microseconds. Precise quantum confinement control and large band offset tunability unlock perovskite heterojunctions as platforms for scalable, superlattice-based optoelectronic applications.	Nov 2025
I07-Surface & interface diffraction	Triplets electrically turn on insulating lanthanide-doped nanoparticles Zhongzheng Yu , Yunzhou Deng , Junzhi Ye , Lars Van Turnhout , Tianjun Liu , Alasdair Tew , Rakesh Arul , Simon Dowland , Yuqi Sun , Xinjuan Li , Linjie Dai , Caterina Ducati , Jeremy J. Baumberg , Richard H. Friend , Robert L. Z. Hoye , Akshay Rao Nature 647, 625-631 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09601-y Diamond Proposal Number(s): [32266] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Insulating nanomaterials have large energy gaps and are only electrically accessible under extreme conditions, such as high-intensity radiation and high temperature, pressure or voltage1,2. Lanthanide-doped insulating nanoparticles (LnNPs) are widely studied owing to their exceptional luminescence properties, including bright, narrow-linewidth, non-blinking and non-bleaching emission in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) range3,4. However, it has not been possible to electrically generate excited states in these insulating nanomaterials under low biases and, therefore, not possible to fabricate optoelectronic devices from these systems. Here we report an electrical excitation pathway to obtain emission from LnNPs. By forming LnNP@organic molecule nanohybrids, in which the recombination of electrically injected charges on the organic molecule is followed by efficient triplet energy transfer (TET) to the LnNP, it is possible to turn on LnNPs under a low operating bias. We demonstrate this excitation pathway in light-emitting diodes (LEDs), with low turn-on voltages of about 5 V, very narrow electroluminescence (EL) spectra and a peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) greater than 0.6% in the NIR-II window5. Our LnNP-based LEDs (LnLEDs) also allow for widely tunable EL properties, by changing the type and concentration of lanthanide dopants. These results open up a new field of hybrid optoelectronic devices and provide new opportunities for the electrically driven excitation sources based on lanthanide nanomaterials for biomedical and optoelectronic applications.	Nov 2025
B23-Circular Dichroism	Circularly polarized electroluminescence from chiral supramolecular semiconductor thin films Rituparno Chowdhury , Marco D. Preuss , Hwan-Hee Cho , Joshua J. P. Thompson , Samarpita Sen , Thomi K. Baikie , Pratyush Ghosh , Yorrick Boeije , Xian Wei Chua , Kai-Wei Chang , Erjuan Guo , Joost Van Der Tol , Bart W. L. Van Den Bersselaar , Andrea Taddeucci , Nicolas Daub , Daphne M. Dekker , Scott T. Keene , Ghislaine Vantomme , Bruno Ehrler , Stefan C. J. Meskers , Akshay Rao , Bartomeu Monserrat , E. W. Meijer , Richard H. Friend Science 387, 1175 - 1181 DOI: 10.1126/science.adt3011 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [32194] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Current organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology uses light-emitting molecules in a molecular host. We report green circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) in a chirally ordered supramolecular assembly, with 24% dissymmetry in a triazatruxene (TAT) system. We found that TAT assembled into helices with a pitch of six molecules, associating angular momentum to the valence and conduction bands and obtaining the observed CPL. Cosublimation of TAT as the “guest” in a structurally mismatched “host” enabled fabrication of thin films in which chiral crystallization was achieved in situ by thermally triggered nanophase segregation of dopant and host while preserving film integrity. The OLEDs showed external quantum efficiencies of up to 16% and electroluminescence dissymmetries ≥10%. Vacuum deposition of chiral superstructures opens new opportunities to explore chiral-driven optical and transport phenomena.	Mar 2025
	Roadmap on established and emerging photovoltaics for sustainable energy conversion James C Blakesley , Ruy Sebastian Bonilla , Marina Freitag , Alex Ganose , Nicola Gasparini , Pascal Kaienburg , George Koutsourakis , Jonathan D. Major , Jenny Nelson , Nakita K. Noel , Bart Roose , Jae Sung Yun , Simon Aliwell , Pietro Altermatt , Tayebeh Ameri , Virgil Andrei , Ardalan Armin , Diego Bagnis , Jenny Baker , Hamish Beath , Mathieu Bellanger , Philippe Berrouard , Jochen Blumberger , Stuart Boden , Hugo Bronstein , Matthew J. Carnie , Chris Case , Fernando A. Castro , Yi-Ming Chang , Elmer Chao , Tracey M. Clarke , Graeme Cooke , Pablo Docampo , Ken Durose , James Durrant , Marina Filip , Richard H. Friend , Jarvist M. Frost , Elizabeth Gibson , Alexander J. Gillett , Pooja Goddard , Severin Habisreutinger , Martin Heeney , Arthur D. Hendsbee , Louise C. Hirst , Saiful Islam , Imalka Jayawardena , Michael Johnston , Matthias Kauer , Jeff Kettle , Ji-Seon Kim , Dan Lamb , David G. Lidzey , Jihoo Lim , Roderick Mackenzie , Nigel Mason , Iain Mcculloch , Keith Mckenna , Sebastian Meier , Paul Meredith , Graham Morse , John Murphy , Chris Nicklin , Paloma Ortega-Arriaga , Thomas Osterberg , Jay Patel , Anthony Peaker , Moritz Riede , Martyn Rush , James Ryan , David O. Scanlon , Peter Skabara , Franky So , Henry J. Snaith , Ludmilla Steier , Jarla Thiesbrummel , Alessandro Troisi , Craig Underwood , Karsten Walzer , Trystan M. Watson , Michael Walls , Aron Walsh , Lucy D. Whalley , Benedict Winchester , Sam Stranks , Robert Hoye Journal Of Physics: Energy DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/ad7404 Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Photovoltaics (PVs) are a critical technology for curbing growing levels of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, and meeting increases in future demand for low-carbon electricity. In order to fulfil ambitions for net-zero carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) emissions worldwide, the global cumulative capacity of solar PVs must increase by an order of magnitude from 0.9 TWp in 2021 to 8.5 TWp by 2050 according to the International Renewable Energy Agency, which is considered to be a highly conservative estimate. In 2020, the Henry Royce Institute brought together the UK PV community to discuss the critical technological and infrastructure challenges that need to be overcome to address the vast challenges in accelerating PV deployment. Herein, we examine the key developments in the global community, especially the progress made in the field since this earlier roadmap, bringing together experts primarily from the UK across the breadth of the photovoltaics community. The focus is both on the challenges in improving the efficiency, stability and levelized cost of electricity of current technologies for utility-scale PVs, as well as the fundamental questions in novel technologies that can have a significant impact on emerging markets, such as indoor PVs, space PVs, and agrivoltaics. We discuss challenges in advanced metrology and computational tools, as well as the growing synergies between PVs and solar fuels, and offer a perspective on the environmental sustainability of the PV industry. Through this roadmap, we emphasize promising pathways forward in both the short- and long-term, and for communities working on technologies across a range of maturity levels to learn from each other.	Aug 2024
I07-Surface & interface diffraction	Insights into the kinetics and self-assembly order of hybrid small-molecule organic semiconductor / quantum dot blends during blade coating Daniel T. W. Toolan , Michael P. Weir , Shuangqing Wang , Simon A. Dowland , Zhilong Zhang , James Xiao , Jonathan Rawle , Neil Greenham , Richard Friend , Akshay Rao , Richard A. L. Jones , Anthony J. Ryan Nanoscale Horizons DOI: 10.1039/D3NH00079F Diamond Proposal Number(s): [23587] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Hybrid small-molecule organic semiconductor / quantum dot blend films are attractive for high efficiency low-cost solar energy harvesting devices. Understanding and controlling the self-assembly of the organic semiconductor and quantum dots is crucial in optimising device performance, not only at a lab-scale but for large-scale high-throughput printing and coating methods. Here, in situ grazing incidence X-ray scattering (GIXS) is employed in order to gain direct insights into how small-molecule organic semiconductor / quantum dot blends self-assemble during blade coating. Results show that for two different archetypal organic small molecule:quantum dot blends, small-molecule crystallisation may either occur spontaneously or be mediated by the formation of quantum dot aggregates. Irrespective of the initial crystallisation route, the small-molecule crystallisation acts to exclude the quantum dot impurities from the growing crystalline matrix phase. These results provide important fundamental understanding of structure formation of small organic molecule:quantum dot films prepared via solution processing routes, compatible with large scale deposition manufacturing.	May 2023
I19-Small Molecule Single Crystal Diffraction	Supramolecular self-assembly as a tool to preserve electronic purity of perylene diimide chromophores Ina Heckelmann , Zifei Lu , Joseph C. A. Prentice , Florian Auras , Tanya K. Ronson , Richard H. Friend , Jonathan R. Nitschke , Sascha Feldmann Angewandte Chemie International Edition DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216729 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [21497] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Organic semiconductors are promising for efficient, printable optoelectronics. Yet, strong excited-state quenching due to uncontrolled aggregation limits their use in devices. We report on the self-assembly of a supramolecular pseudo-cube formed from six perylene diimides (PDIs). The rigid, shape-persistent cage sets the distance and orientation of the PDIs and suppresses intramolecular rotations and vibrations, leading to non-aggregated, monomer-like properties in solution and the solid state, in contrast to the fast fluorescence quenching in the free ligand. The stabilized excited state and electronic purity in the cage enables the observation of delayed fluorescence due to a bright excited multimer, acting as excited-state reservoir in a rare case of benign inter-chromophore interactions in the cage. We show that self-assembly provides a powerful tool for retaining and controlling the electronic properties of chromophores, and to bring molecular electronics devices within reach.	Jan 2023
E01-JEM ARM 200CF	Microcavity-like exciton-polaritons can be the primary photoexcitation in bare organic semiconductors Raj Pandya , Richard Y. S. Chen , Qifei Gu , Jooyoung Sung , Christoph Schnedermann , Oluwafemi S. Ojambati , Rohit Chikkaraddy , Jeffrey Gorman , Gianni Jacucci , Olimpia D. Onelli , Tom Willhammar , Duncan N. Johnstone , Sean M. Collins , Paul A. Midgley , Florian Auras , Tomi Baikie , Rahul Jayaprakash , Fabrice Mathevet , Richard Soucek , Matthew Du , Antonios M. Alvertis , Arjun Ashoka , Silvia Vignolini , David G. Lidzey , Jeremy J. Baumberg , Richard H. Friend , Thierry Barisien , Laurent Legrand , Alex W. Chin , Joel Yuen-Zhou , Semion K. Saikin , Philipp Kukura , Andrew J. Musser , Akshay Rao Nature Communications 12 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26617-w Diamond Proposal Number(s): [20527] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Strong-coupling between excitons and confined photonic modes can lead to the formation of new quasi-particles termed exciton-polaritons which can display a range of interesting properties such as super-fluidity, ultrafast transport and Bose-Einstein condensation. Strong-coupling typically occurs when an excitonic material is confided in a dielectric or plasmonic microcavity. Here, we show polaritons can form at room temperature in a range of chemically diverse, organic semiconductor thin films, despite the absence of an external cavity. We find evidence of strong light-matter coupling via angle-dependent peak splittings in the reflectivity spectra of the materials and emission from collective polariton states. We additionally show exciton-polaritons are the primary photoexcitation in these organic materials by directly imaging their ultrafast (5 × 106 m s−1), ultralong (~270 nm) transport. These results open-up new fundamental physics and could enable a new generation of organic optoelectronic and light harvesting devices based on cavity-free exciton-polaritons.	Nov 2021
I07-Surface & interface diffraction	Efficient and spectrally stable blue perovskite light-emitting diodes employing a cationic π-conjugated polymer Shuai Yuan , Lin-Song Cui , Linjie Dai , Yun Liu , Qing-Weii Liu , Yu-Qi Sun , Florian Auras , Miguel Anaya , Xiaopeng Zheng , Edoardo Ruggeri , You-Jun Yu , Yang-Kun Qu , Mojtaba Abdi-Jalebi , Osman M. Bakr , Zhao-Kui Wang , Samuel D. Stranks , Neil C. Greenham , Liang-Sheng Liao , Richard H. Friend Advanced Materials 13 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103640 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [17223] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Metal halide perovskite semiconductors have demonstrated remarkable potentials in solution-processed blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs). However, the unsatisfied efficiency and spectral stability responsible for trap-mediated non-radiative losses and halide phase segregation remain the primary unsolved challenges for blue perovskite LEDs. In this study, it is reported that a fluorene-based π-conjugated cationic polymer can be blended with the perovskite semiconductor to control film formation and optoelectronic properties. As a result, sky-blue and true-blue perovskite LEDs with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage coordinates of (0.08, 0.22) and (0.12, 0.13) at the record external quantum efficiencies of 11.2% and 8.0% were achieved. In addition, the mixed halide perovskites with the conjugated cationic polymer exhibit excellent spectral stability under external bias. This result illustrates that π-conjugated cationic polymers have a great potential to realize efficient blue mixed-halide perovskite LEDs with stable electroluminescence.	Sep 2021
E02-JEM ARM 300CF	Efficient energy transport in an organic semiconductor mediated by transient exciton delocalization Alexander J. Sneyd , Tomoya Fukui , David Paleček , Suryoday Prodhan , Isabella Wagner , Yifan Zhang , Jooyoung Sung , Sean M. Collins , Thomas J. A. Slater , Zahra Andaji-Garmaroudi , Liam R. Macfarlane , J. Diego Garcia-Hernandez , Linjun Wang , George R. Whittell , Justin M. Hodgkiss , Kai Chen , David Beljonne , Ian Manners , Richard H. Friend , Akshay Rao Science Advances 7 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh4232 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [25140] Open Access Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Efficient energy transport is desirable in organic semiconductor (OSC) devices. However, photogenerated excitons in OSC films mostly occupy highly localized states, limiting exciton diffusion coefficients to below ~10−2 cm2/s and diffusion lengths below ~50 nm. We use ultrafast optical microscopy and nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations to study well-ordered poly(3-hexylthiophene) nanofiber films prepared using living crystallization-driven self-assembly, and reveal a highly efficient energy transport regime: transient exciton delocalization, where energy exchange with vibrational modes allows excitons to temporarily re-access spatially extended states under equilibrium conditions. We show that this enables exciton diffusion constants up to 1.1 ± 0.1 cm2/s and diffusion lengths of 300 ± 50 nm. Our results reveal the dynamic interplay between localized and delocalized exciton configurations at equilibrium conditions, calling for a re-evaluation of exciton dynamics and suggesting design rules to engineer efficient energy transport in OSC device architectures not based on restrictive bulk heterojunctions.	Aug 2021
I09-Surface and Interface Structural Analysis	Elucidating and mitigating degradation processes in perovskite light‐emitting diodes Zahra Andaji-Garmaroudi , Mojtaba Abdi-Jalebi , Felix U. Kosasih , Tiarnan Doherty , Stuart Macpherson , Alan R. Bowman , Gabriel J. Man , Ute B. Cappel , Hakan Rensmo , Caterina Ducati , Richard H. Friend , Samuel D. Stranks Advanced Energy Materials 11 DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202002676 Diamond Proposal Number(s): [22668] Show Abstract ▼ Abstract: Halide perovskites have attracted substantial interest for their potential as disruptive display and lighting technologies. However, perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) are still hindered by poor operational stability. A fundamental understanding of the degradation processes is lacking but will be key to mitigating these pathways. Here, a combination of in operando and ex situ measurements to monitor the performance degradation of (Cs0.06FA0.79MA0.15)Pb(I0.85Br0.15)3 PeLEDs over time is used. Through device, nanoscale cross‐sectional chemical mapping, and optical spectroscopy measurements, it is revealed that the degraded performance arises from an irreversible accumulation of bromide content at one interface, which leads to barriers to injection of charge carriers and thus increased nonradiative recombination. This ionic segregation is impeded by passivating the perovskite films with potassium halides, which immobilizes the excess halide species. The passivated PeLEDs show enhanced external quantum efficiency (EQE) from 0.5% to 4.5% and, importantly, show significantly enhanced stability, with minimal performance roll‐off even at high current densities (>200 mA cm−2). The decay half‐life for the devices under continuous operation at peak EQE increases from <1 to ≈15 h through passivation, and ≈200 h under pulsed operation. The results provide generalized insight into degradation pathways in PeLEDs and highlight routes to overcome these challenges.	Nov 2020

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